METHODOLOGY  OF ISLAMIC  RESEARCH




                     Yusuf Ziya KAVAKCI

                 BD. LLB. Ph.D. (Istanbul)

       Director of the Islamic Center,Richardson,Tx.

























































































          For  the Memory of

            Myfather Ahmed  Kavakci,Hendek/Turkey

            My mother  Fatma Kavakci,Hendek/Turkey                                   

            My father-in-law I. Ethem Gungen,Uluborlu/Turkey   

























































































                        Table of Contents

                                                    Page
                                                  
Table of Contents .................................   5

Preface............................................   7

I Research Methods.................................  17

Some of the Practical Points in Using the Sources..  30 

Bibliography.......................................  33

II Libraries.......................................  37

III Description of Manuscripts.....................  41

Bibliography.......................................  45

Bibliography on paper and watermarks...............  46 

IV Textual Criticism...............................  49

Bibliography.......................................  75

V Transcription....................................  81

Transcription   Alphabets  from  Arabic into Latin 

Characters ........................................  84

Notes of Clarification Regarding the Transcription   86

VI Some Manuals of Islamic Studies.................  91

A) Manuals related to the Qur'an ................... 91

   Tafsir Books .................................... 93

B) Manuals related to Hadith ....................... 93

B bis ) Fiqh Literarure............................. 99

C) Encyclopaedias...................................100

D) History of Sciences .............................102

E) Reference Books for Articles.....................104

F) Bio-bibliographic Books..........................105
G) Geographical Dictionaries and Genealogical Works.116

H) Tables of Calendars..............................118

I) General History and Civilization Books...........118

J) Atlases..........................................120

K) Dictionaries.....................................121

L) Measures ....................................... 124

M) Catalogues...................................... 125

N) Persian Language and Literature ................ 127

Annex: GAL by C. Brockelmann....................... 135

I The Uniformed Abbreviations and Their Meanings... 135

II A List of the Abbreviations Not Solved by the 

Author ............................................ 166

III A List  of the  Abbreviations  which Are not 

Uniformed  ........................................ 168





































                          P r e f a c e


Methodology is a very important  discipline to be observed in any kind of research or any way of dealing with the mass of information.

It is so in Islamic Studies.A person must have a good way of reseaching,recording and processing  data from the main
 sources.For this reason, one needs to have a center where every one   may find all the books written upto this day in the Islamic field.

Scholarly speaking,Islam was based and is based and will be based on the books which have been written before us in the past.The books are real source of Islamic studies.

A center of this kind may take a lot of time to be developed and cost quite a bit in financal investment.But it is worth for a religion which is the last and final and which has a very authentic  book,the Qur'an, memorized,recorded and repeatedly read and recited by uncountable masses over the centuries.

One has to study in depth the methods of the commentaries of the Qur'an,its grammar and the lexicography and the usage of words to  understand them in their literal as well as cultural and historical context.This will help to explore deeply using modern terminologies and interpretations of Qur'anic concepts and terms and place them in proper scientific terminolgy.Hadith and other sources of Islamic literature should also be treated the same
 way. 

We must  benefit from the modern techniques and technologies to expand and explore the meaning of the Qur'an by computerizing
 the allthetextsofthe main Tafsirs and  first hand dictionaries;developing the meaning of all arabic words as used during the time of the Prophet (pbuh) and follow the developments that have occured over the centuries.

All sources of Islamic literarure,just not Tafsirs, must be
 computerized and made available in any given composition. This has to be stored through programs developed for this purpose,so that it is available for any one to look at in a matter of seconds.

Muslims intelligentsia from different nations all over the world need to study the Islamic books and their sources. A center for this sake need to be established. This International Islamic Center must contain  the following institutes:

a. Institute of Qur'anic Studies:All copies of the Qur'an from centuries, printed ones and copies of manuscripts. First copies, and any fragments in whatever form available must be collected and processed.

Any one  who wants to study the text,characters or letters and its development,should be made available.

b. Institute of the Tafsirs: Copies of all commentaries of the Qur'an in this institute should be in computerized form.All commentaries must be arranged according to the development of opinions and ideas.

Copies of all   translations must be collected in this Institute.This will help in the development of terms and linguistics  of the Qur'an.

The text  of translations of the Qur'an which have been made over the centuries must be studied here in a very detailed way.

c. Institute of Hadith: All hadith books, with Usul al-Hadith,Mawdu`at books and Tarajim Ahwal books must be arranged here chronologically and computerized.

We must have all hadiths on computer and publish one single book of Hadith with its source in the footnotes.

We have hundreds of thousands of sentences reported from Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) with chains of narrators.We need to correlate their texts and their reporters in a very accurate way and scrutinize them with full criticism of the personalia (al-Jarh wa 'l-Ta`dil ).

The main sources of Islamic scholarship must be utilized in all its aspects, leaving no gap or any minute issue unnoticed. d.Institute of Fiqh: All fiqh books must be ready to use in this Institute.Fiqh is an important product of Muslim jurists' works and effortsfor centuries.They are the actual applications of the Qur'an and the Sunnah (Hadith).

Islamic Law has all the flexiblity in adapting Islam to the circumstances and finding solutions to the problems that arise in the daily life of a muslim. All fiqh schools with all of the dimensions and opinions and variety of ideas are well taken into the Islamic Law.

Muslim jurists developed an original science, Usul al-Fiqh, which is really a juristic science desperately needed today. This will help to develop further the  Islamic legal studies in order to solve problems that were not previously encountered.     

The biographies of Muslim jurists ( fuqaha ) are very rich in literature and they should be put on computers.That way weshould be able to extract whenever we need to get any fiqh point in detail just by pressing the buttton of a keyboard.

Programmers from that field  have to come up with techniques and ways of processing the data that we have in its full capacity.

e. Lexicography Institute: All arabic dicitionaries must be computerized and matched and fully documented by us.

Arabic is very important for us.Linguistics of arabic and its allied topics were very much used in the past.They always were a part of Islamic studies.Muslim scholars were the best ones in language studies.They were the ones who established the principles of grammar, morphology of arabic (Sarf),Syntaxology of Arabic (Nahw),Semantics (the meaning of the meaning) of Arabic ('Ilm al- Ma`ani,al-Bayan wa 'l-Badi`).

As a matter of fact, the Qur'an not only influenced in all Islamic sciences,but also  was a creative source for the scholars.

f. Kalam and Tawhid Institute: All books related with this subject must be arranged and put on computer for the benefit of everyone.

g. Institute of Sirah: Life of the Prophet.All literary pieces,fragments,books,articles,documents must be made available for any one interested.

It may be very interesting to study Byzantine sources,Armenian sources and sources produced in Assyrian,Hebrew  and other languages and like languages of the Caucasian, Persian sources along with Arabic and Islamic sources. The wars,battles and any diplomatic as well as social contacts occured in the past  should be evaluated to see the other side of the coin and to figure out a scholarly complete picture of the events happened during the time of the Prophet (pbuh) and after him.The truth should be discovered and it has to prevail every where.Ignorance of any kind shoulde not be tolerated in any area.

h. Institute of Islamic History: All books related to the subject of Islamic History and allied area must be there ready to benefit fully in accordance with the modern techniques.                              

i. Intitute of Sufisim: A very wide literature has been produced in this area.Theycontain very interesting points and way of explaining the matter and relating to spiritual purification.

This literature must be fully discovered and presented in a scholarlyway so that the heritage of this field could be fully recognized and benefitted.Pros and cons of this field are to be
 addressed in a scholarly way.

j. Institute of Islamic Philosophy: The master piece of Islamic Philosophy must be computerized first and should beutilized in the proper programs.

h. Instituteof Manuscripts:I do not know how many thousands of manuscripts are there in the libraries of the Muslim world  and how many are in the hands of private people. All of them need to be taken care of,studied and published.We need to record all of them properly and collect copies of these in the institute,and publish them after being studied critically. Of course,all of these institutes should make a beginning with humble efforts and develop a proper planning that may last for centuries.

Let's not forget Muslims of the past, our forefathers, who established hundreds of research and learning centers which functoned for centuries.They established Nizamiyya University,Kufa  and Basrian schools of grammar and syntaxes,state libraries in Basra, Baghdad, Damascus, Istanbul, Konya, Kayseri, Cairo,soonso forth.

There were higher educational institutes in Istanbul Fatih Madrasahs, Suleymaniyaa madrasahs, al-Azhar in Cairo, Zaituniyya in Tunis, Qarawiyyin Librarary in Qairawan, Deoband, Aligarh and Haiderabad-Deccan in India etc.

Introducing computer and related utilities are a must. Hundreds of books are lost or destroyed in fires,wars etc. There are many books mentioned in the sources, but are not known if they exist.Hundreds of manuscripts have been devastated in Mongolian invasion of Baghdad and  the river of Tigris was filled by coloured ink, because the books were destroyed in it.

Al-Andalus is another big Islamic civilization which was totally  annihilated  from the scratch and tonnes of books were destroyed.

Using computers may help us filling the gaps;it may make us to make up what we lost in the past centuries.

Revival of Islamic sciences with a full fledged modern techniques and technological instruments are indispensable.

We need genuine and scholarly concordances of all hadiths for all the information given in Islamic literature.
The Prophet (pbuh) deliveredthemessageandbecameexampleof application and passed away.Issues did not stop,they were solved by the contemporary scholars.Today we have hundreds of modern isuues which need to be analyzed and solved.So we heve to have good techniques and institutes utilizing the maximum data available today for the benefit of the Muslims and the people all over the world. Individuals may not overcome the challanges of modern days.Strong  and very well supported institutes are desparetely needed in modern world to  tackle the subjects arising from different factors affecting the society.

The books must be screened by the computers,first editions may be produced and later on the perfected editions may be developed further.

This work may be done through planning which need to be established first and then developed over a period of time.

Editing and publishing may begin following enough time spent on  research and preliminary studies completed.

Encylopaedias, manuals,reference books etc. on Qur'an, Tafsir,Hadith,Fiqh,Sirah, IslamicHistory are to be produced using the latest techniques. Maps and charts are to put in theserviceof Muslims in various languages of the world. Scholarly  Islam must be spoken in each corner of the world.Islam! Islam! Islam! 

The bottom line is that we must have an institute which has nothing to do with nationalistic feelings and plans,but aimingthe prosperity of the Muslim Ummah under a global continous plan.

A village or region may be alloted for this purpose.The researchers and scholars may come and work. After some decades, they may transfer their work to the new generation  and the work goes on  and on without interrruption.

Modern techniques and facilities of telecommunication will provide a good deal of dissemination of knowledge to the far distances of the world in a matter of seconds by linking systems through modern means of communication. The dates put here should preferably be given first in Hijri,then after slash in A.D. The dates mentioned after the proper names either gives the birth date and death date between hyphens or just the death dates of the related person generally in both calendars (Islamic and Christian).

I could not use a full transcription of system reflecting all signs ofdifferentalphabets.Forexample,French accents, German umlauts, Turkish u and o (with two dots at the top) are notput here in this work for the lack of keyboards easily accessable  in this regard.Madds (prolonging the letters),H and H (the first having a dot right at bottom,and the second one having a hyphen typeline or a small arch type of sign at the bottom) are not observed here in this work for the same reasons.It is obvious that the researcher will find his way practically and excuse the writer of these lines for his inability to meet all the scientific requirements in this particular time.

In Annex the numbers,for example 1,2 etc.,are to be put at the top of the last letter,but it was not possible because of the reasons just dealt above.So it was written like Kairo1,Kairo2,Leyd1 and Leyd2.

Further more I did not stick to use a full name with the article of definition,like al-Zirikli and al-Bukhari.I often preferred to write as Zirikli and Bukhari with no harf al-ta`rif.

I owe a lot of thanks to my colleges,friends and students who shared in my academic career a good deal of debates,criticism and comments.I am thankful to Dr.Omer Okumus for his contribution of the part relating to the literature in Persian.

This book intends to contribute a little bit to the scholars of Islamic Studies. USA is a good prospective and potential place for the establishment of a Islamic Studies Center that will take the responsibilty of taking care of the new process of Islamization which is taking place in its humble and natural course.

I appreciate very much the efforts spent by Br.Taj Syed and J.Kareem in reviewing my drafts.I am really thankful to them.

The author has no capital other than his good faith, intention  and humble effort. No perfection is claimed here.Any comment and constructivecriticism will make him just happy.All defects go to the authorand any reflection of perfection goes to Allah,the Creator and Cherisher of the universes.

"OurLord! give usgood in this world andthe  goodinthe Hereafter;and defend us from the torment of the  Fire".

"Our Lord! Condemn us not if we forget or fall into error;our Lord! Lay not on us a burden like that which Thou didst lay on those before us;our Lord!lay not on us a burden greater than we have strength to bear.Bolt out our sins,and grant us forgiveness.Have mercy on us.Thou art our Protector;help us against those who stand against faith".
 
"Wa akhiru da`wana an'il-hamdu lillahi rabbi 'l-`Alamin".

March 1990

Dallas,Texas, USA                            
                                         Dr.Yusuf Ziya Kavakci
















































Correspondence address: P.O.Box 833010, Richardson, Texas, 75081 USA.



                              I

                      Research Methods                     


Reports,thesis and papers have to be produced according to the 
established rules and regulations.Principles and rules must be
 followed  by the people in all scientific researches.

Screening of the main sources and dominating the data before the research and understanding it all in a very correct form is important. Transferring  the  data after recording it in a proper
 way into the text of the draft reports is also very important.All
 sources must be fully noted down  at the footnotes with page
 numbers, volumes numbers and titles of the books and identification notes are also necessary.

One must choose the subject he is going to write on in a careful way.Of course,one may begin with a loose and  a little blurred plan with vague limits, but by the time it may develop a precise limits ofthesubjectandthe notes which are notdirectlyinhis specific field may set aside for future use.

To choose a subject, one needs to read many sources andarticles in the Encyclopaedias,articles written in that field and speak or consult to people in the related  fields.

The subject must be chosen  such  as produce enough level of report. It must have a quality of being concise. If the topic becomes so wide or the sources get larger;the researcher may not
 protect himself away from being drowned in the vast notes gathered from the sources.
The capacity of widening and shortening the subject by adding one adverb or an adjective and the like is a must in order not to loose the efforts put in for the years and get any kind of results one needs.In other words,the flexibility must be there.

Choosing the subject itself is a big process.A researcher must have a keen interest for sometime in that area and must have worked a little deep and attended courses, seminars and scientific  discussions,getting a little wide range of interest and a genuine way of dealing with the subject.

A. Preparation period: He must prepare himself for research by reading some preliminary books,contacting the persons who know the things in that area and drafting a rough plan for develeopment later.

The research and reports made in that area lately must be taken into consideration for the sake of producing a fairly good acceptable form of paper or document. When  personal type of layouts, settings and individual techniques used,it may raise an unanticipated polemics and damage the quality of work one is trying to develop.

One must know that  Islamic literature produced in the past had  a different planandtechnique. The languagewas different,not necessarily  the mother tongue of the researcher.Environments and circumstances were different.Understanding them correctly and to take notes properly are the key elements in the Islamic Research.

Sorting out of some of the literature may be done after consultation is made in the field with the people who may get involved in the real screening process sometimes later.

2. A plan can be developed in  compliance  with the sources. A plan is a preliminary stage of the table of contents of the paper or thesis one is going to  write on.

The plan must be in detail as much as possible,this will help in writing the fact that go into the research.The unwanted points may be eliminated in future.

Plans may be guided by  recent studies and works made in that field. Planmay be changed for the scarcity of sources or widened for the new unexpected data.The flexibility must be observed here in this area.

3.As it was stated before,all sources should be  sorted out fairlyina correct way .This process has to begin before the actual  research  and will go on for years until the death.Quite often,this is not done properly and research does not have exclusiveness and finality;in other words all sources,are not  fully scrutined and the research has not been finalized.

Specific sources must be put into the list and genuinely screened to fit the immediate needs of the researcher.

Practicality dictates, generally, in official types of researches.Theories and leisure type of researches may be left for the future because of immediate necessities of fixing the data in proper way at proper time for certain reasons.

The preparation period has to be correctly executed and enough time must be given.This is a basic work and one need not spare any time that one feels should be spent as long as he is in a better position.He may spare a lot of time in future,if he gets ready enough at this stage.
Upto now, the researcher was reading,getting experience,speaking and brainstorming. He selected the topic,and even built quite a bit of bibliography and began to observe and check the the sources and the literature.  

B.Collecting the data:

1.Taking notes: one must use index cards of the same size all the time.The cards are moveable.One may change its place whenever he wishes to whereever he wants.

Let's deal  two types of cards: Bibliographic and information cards.

l. A card for bibliography must have all particulars of the book in detail including author's full name,name of the book,volumes,place and date of publishing,name of printing house,editor and firm etc.

This master card will be referred to later all along. The name of the author must be correctly written in  english alphabets.This may require good amount of experience in that field.

A good transcription system must be used.

Surname ( family name ) or the name  to be taken like the family,then the first name and the third using exactly the words printed on the title page of the book.

Our main sources are Arabic.Arabic has its own method  of saying it and pronouncing it.So,this must reflectin the  scholarly transliteration of that name and title.

The bibliographic card must have all information arranged just like in the general  bibliographgies in the libraries with commas,periods and colons etc.
The upper left-hand corner must have the surname and name.If the birth and death dates are inserted in the brackets,that may be helpful later in arranging the sources  chronologically.

Not all nations have surname or family name system,so the famous names used for this purpose may be used in this regard.

The biography books may be referred to for this reason.For example, Encyclopaedia of Islam,Geschichte der arabischen Literarur (GAL) of Brockelmann,Geschichte des arabischen Schriftums (GAS) of Sezgin,Kahhala's Mu`jam al-Mu'allifin,al-Zirikli's al-A`lam and Mu`jam al-Buldan of Yaqut al-Hamawi,Haji  Khalifa's  Kashf al- Zunun  are some of the reference books  that can be referred to in this regard.

If the source is a manuscript, then,of course, we do not have any printed material.What we have are the author,the title,number of manuscripts if it is recorded in a library, date of copy,the number of folios,date and execution of copying,and whether it is an original copy of the author.

Anydocument in the archives,any seminar and paper not published yet may be recorded as the information that is made available.

What we have on the books must be recorded as they are without any abbreviation or modification.

But the titles as Dr.,ustaz, alim al-nihrir  which are not really a part of the scholarship should not be recorded.

If the book is a translation, it is advisable to record the original title along with the translation, with the name of translator.

The volumes are to be taken one by one and recorded with their dates and place of publication.Some of the books may have been printed in several places.It is necessary to record all of them in a chcronologicalorder, iftheywerementione. Of course, the publishing house may not be one and the same.

If no printing place is mentioned, it is necessary to statethat clearly as no place.

The articles in  magazines must reference the full name of the magazine, volume and serial number in order to identify the article  with all its particulars.

Sometimes,it is difficult to fix the date.Date may not have been mentioned;in this case one may benefit from the date  given in the preface or epilogue or in another part of the book.

The manuscriptsmay not give the date all the time.Dates aremuch more important than the printed books.In the manuscripts, the particulars of papers,the watermarks and  trade marks and figures of papers,as to where they were manufactured  may offersome  cluestothe specialists.Historyof the paper industry and any identification and other sources may be used at this point.

Each bibliographic source may have a reasonably understandable abbreviation which may be written each time to avoid long writings to fully identity the book. 

b. The information card:

This is a card on which the substance of information is written with proper source.The information may be recorded in original language  as a  quotation. No translation is recommended at this stage. If it is in Arabic,it must be written in Arabic.

In the upper right corner some key words may be recorded showing the  subtitle and the related  paragraph of topic;this may help to sort the information when it is necessary and place  the information in the proper order.

At the end of each card, the source with volume and pagenumber must be recorded.

ba) In referring verses of Qur'an, one needs to give Surah name,prefarably the surah number and the verse number.Just the page number of translation  may not be sufficient to record in this regard.

Any reference for an explanation of an ayah from any Tafsir book must be given with volume and page number along with the surah and ayah number. If the translation has to be based on something, then one may note  down the proper source  with page number together with the author and title of the translation (book).

Mentioning a verse from Qur'an without its surah name and verse number does not reflect a scholarly job.

Some of the European sources do not consistently follow the numbering system of the Qur'an like the Muslims have.So one must be careful in checking or fixing the verses mentioned in some  western sources.

To find out the verse number of the Qur'an, one may refer to Muhammad  Abd al-Baqi's al-Mu`jam al-Mufahrasu li al-Fazi 'l-Qur'ani 'l-Karim or any other manual one may have.

bb) Hadith must be properly given with authenticity.The main sources must be given with book,chapter number and page number.

All hadith must be traced to the six authentic hadith collections and also the other three hadith collections thus completing the nine  compendiums by Wensinck in his "Concordance et Indices de la Traditidion Musulmane" ( that is  Books of Bukhari,Muslim,Nasa'i,Tirmizi,Ibn Majah,Abu Dawud,Darimi,Malik and Ahmad b.Hanbal).

Mentioning a text of Hadit and leaving it without source will never be accepted as a scientific and scholarly work at all.

For hadith, the first hand source to be mantioned is very important. Additionally, somelater sources may be mentioned;but that  will not substitute the first hand sources at all.

                         ------------

A Few Practical Notes Regarding the Usage of Cards:

1. Each card must contain a unit of information.If the subject is related with more than one subject,new cards are to beproduced to place each one of them in their proper place.In this case, the upper right-corner may get different key words denoting the actual content of the card.This will help a lot in sorting the
 cards to place each one of them in its proper location. 2. Only one face of the card is to be used.Seldom,  the back of the cards will be used.This is a simple method. Using bothsides may lead tosome practical difficulties.

Some long passages from the texts may be recorded in consecutive cards having numbered or signed with consecutive letters. Sometimes,they may be written on a bigger sheet, but folded to the size of the card.

3. One may leave some gap at the bottom of the cards which might be used in future to record just the new source where the main text is mentioned exactly with the same words.So the researcher may have  more than one source in the same card.
These different sources should preferably be recorded chronologically according to the death of the writer or person who has the credit of writing that book or contributing to a specific idea or giving that service.

This way will help us to give the credit to the real owners, not mixing or robbing or ascribing them to ones who do not really deserve.

4. The texts are to be recorded exactly as they are mentioned;if there are some mistakes they must be kept as they are,without any correction.

A researcher is to be faithful to the texts,not changing them or disposing them in a way he wishes.

If we have some problem in remembering the pronunciation  and spelling,then we may carefully put some notes in the bracket in a clear way without going into complexity and mingling things with each other.

We must not forget that our main objective is to show the source of every sentence we mentioned from the past literature and not neglect any source untouched and unevaluated in our research.

The scholarly  job of resercher is not to mix the sources and basing on the main and first hand sources and correcting any mistake made before us.

C. Writing the Draft Text:

In the prewritingstage, thestudent has to organize hisideasby fixing the purpose clearly,with outlining and charting whatever is necessary.

One needs to catagorize and sort out all cards in their proper places.One may use boxes or envelops with headings for each set of group of cards.

According to the plan, one may take first bunch of cards and after studiying them carefully and  drafting somesentences,each one based on a card,they should be taken away from their boxes or envelops.Each sentence and concept will have its source at the footnote with its full reference.

Different cardsfor the same  point must be arranged chronologically.

Observing chronological order is very important to show the development of concepts and contributions to  science.One must aknowledge something for a wrong person by mistake or by carelessness.

Composing the text will go sentence by sentence,paragraph by paragraph each  unit with its logicand introduction, main ideas,arguments and conclusion together with the criticism.

Then comes controllingwithchecklist,pre-editing, proof-reading and conference with the specialists when it is necessary.One may need to rewrite some of the section.

The drafting must be made on two-thirds of the paper,and other one trivial part may be left blank for future notes which can be used by a colleague  or by himself.

Asa rule, one  side of the paper must be used.Rarely one will continue to write at the back ofthe paper.Thesources must be in detailed form  to be written at the bottom page;so in future, we may not need refer any more to the cards.

If the lines be double spaced, that might be verypractical.The footnotes must have same numbers as at the end of the sentences are recorded.They must not be mixed with each other.

Footnotes must be put at end of each page,not at the end of book. This will give a chance of seeing each sentence'ssource immediately at the bottom of the sentence. The footnotes must be arranged chronologically if we have more than one sources.

The notes which are  not  part of the text must be put in the footenotes as well.The sources in footnotes are to be recoreded in their abbreviated form.Only references  which are very rarely mentioned may be  given in a detailed way in the footnotes.

This first draft must be a complete work from the point of view of sources.In other words,it must be a concised form of a detailed book.

Now we get the chance of seeing the whole book as one complete set and are likely to see overlapping subjects in this draft.Our next step  may be something like a new edition of the text.We may give copies of this work to various people and get their criticisms and comments and develop the text more efficiently.

Now I would like to deal with the inner structure of a research book or paper.The structure is mainly made after the plan or table of contents is developed which contains the following elements:

a) Preface or Foreword:Here the subject may be posed and the research technique may be given.The divisions of the  work may be explained a little bit.Aknowledgements and expressing thanks to related people will take place here in this part.

Generally it ends with date and place and name of the author.

b) Table of Contents: In some  works this takes place at the end of the book.I think it is preferable to have this at the beginning, since it is an introduction to the subject and it is in a way a summary of the  topic.

c) List of the sources: Here the list of sources is to be added.The list is to be arranged according to alphabetical order.

It is possible to arrange the sources according to their subjects and group them in the various groupings.

The sources may be put at the begining of the book as if they are the fundamentals of the book.But some may prefer to put the list at the end of the book.

Some  short works or article or reports may not have an independent list of sources. They may contain their sources in the texts or in the footnotes at the end of the pages.

d) Lists of abbreviations: Since there will be some abbreviationsto be used in the text,one needs to have a list of them.Uniformity in the abbreviations is to be observed.They must be understandable.

e) Transcription list: If we use any kind of transcription system then we need to have a list of the original letters with their transcriptions.One needs to note the kind of rule that has been followed by the specific method of transcription.

f) Criticisms of the sources: This part shows the evaluation of the sources and sorting out the main and the secondary sources and the criticism of the authenticity and the value of scholarship in the  different sources. That may show the knowledge of the researcher and his ablity to be objective.

g) Introduction: This part is an introduction to the subject.This will be somesortof a ladder to take the researcher to the topic.One may give a little history of the subject,so that it will lay a ground to the subject.

h) Main part of the research: This may be arranged according to the subject material in different chapters.

i) Conclusion: Results and conclusion must be given here.

j) Index: This part is useful especially when one has a big research and many names as well as important concepts are mentioned in the text which are not easily reachable  from the headings  in the table of contents.

The titles,divisions,subdivisions,numbering of pages  may vary from one to another.Some use Roman numbers for the first pages and some just go and include all of them in the main body.

Some of the literature use the names with  capitals or  write them with single letter spaced out.No uniformity is observed in this regard.The main goal is to produce a scholarly work with all sourcesin a clear and easily understandable style.





























            Some Practical Points in Using The Sources

These are some tips which may help the researcher in referring to some sources:


A- If the name of the author is known,but one wants to know a little more detail or his life and books,he  may refer to:

a. GAL by Brockelmann and its Suppl.,

b. GAS by Sezgin,

c. Encyclopeadia of Islam,

d. Mu`jam al-Matbu`at al-Arabiyyah by Sarkis,

e. Mu`jam al-MU'allifin by Kahhala, Umar,

f. al-A`lam by Zirikli,

g. Osmanli Muellifleri by Bursali Mehmed Tahir.


B- If we know a book,but we would like to get information about the life of the writer and get the list of other books we may refer to

a. GAL by Brockelmaan and its Suppl.,

b. GAS by Sezgin,

c. Kashf al-Zunun by Haji Khalifa Katib Chalabi,

d. Izah al-Maknun by Isma`il Basha,

e. Mu`jam al-Matbu`at al-Arabiyyah by Sarkis,

f. Osmanli Muellifleri by Bursali Mehmed Tahir.


C- If we would like to know more about the printed books of an author ( their full list,places and dates of print and the manuscripts written by the same author,names of the libraries ect., we may refer to:

a. GAL by Brockelmann and its Suppl.,

b. GAS by Sezgin,

c. Catalogues of the libraries that copies of the books possibly kept in.


D- If we want to find out the corresponding date of christian era for  an Islamic date (hijra-hegira) or vice versa,or the equivalent of solar hegira dates or vice versa etc.,we may refer to 

a. Hicri Tarihleri Miladi Tarihe Cevirme Cedveli by F.R.Unat.



E- If we would liketo know about ageographicnameand/or a locality name and how is itpronounced and what are the particulars in that regard, we may refer to

a. Mu`jam al-Buldan by Yaqut al-Hamawi,

b. Mu`jam ma 'sta`jam by al-Bakri,

c. The Lands of eastern Caliphate by Le Strange,

d. Encyclopeadia of Islam,

f. al-Ansab by al-Sam`ani,

g. al-Ansab by al-Balazuri.


F- If we want to learn what the articles written in specific Islamic field, we may refer to

a. Index Islamicus by Pearson,


G- If we want to find an ayah (verse) from Qur'an, we may benefit from 
a. al-Mu`jamu al-Mufahrasu l--Alfazi 'l-Qur'ani 'l-Karim by Muhammad Fu`ad Abd al-Baqi,

b. Irshad al-Hayran li-Ma`rifat ay al-Qur'an,Qatar 1986. 
        H- If we want reference of a hadith, its relaqted information,we may refer to: 

a. Concordance ( al-Mu`jam al-Mufahras li-alfaz al-Hadith ) by Wensinck,

b. Jami` al-Saghir by al-Suyuti,

c. Fayd al-Qadir,

d. Miftah Kunuz al-Sunnah.







































                         Bibliography

`Ali Ibrahim Hasan,Istokhdam al-Masadir wa Turuq al-Bahth fi 'l-Tarikh al-Misriyyah al-Wasit,Cairo 1949.

Appel,Livia,Bibliographical citattions in the Social Science: A Handbook of style,Madiso (USA) 1946.

Ataov,Turkkaya,Bilimsel Arastirmanin Elkitabi,Ankara 1962.

al-Baydawi,Kamal,al-Insha bi 'l-musul,kayfa taktub bahthan aw risalah adabiyyah,Beyrut,no date.

Boeck,August,Encyclopadie und Methodologie der philologischen Wissenschaften,edited by Ernest Bratuscheck,Leipzig 1877.

The same author,On interpretation and criticism,translated by John Paul rutchard,Nerman,Oklahoma 1968.

Dugdale,KathleenA Manual of form for theses and term reports,Bloomington 1950.

Duverger,Maurice,Sosyal Bilimlere Giris,translated inti Turkish by Unsal Oskay, Ankara 1973.

Ficker,Julius,Beiraege zur Urkundenlehre,1887.

Fonck,Leopold,Wissenschaftliche Arbeitens;Beitraege zur Mtehodik und praxis des akademischen Studiums,Insbruck 1926.

Fuenck,Johann,Die arabischen Studien in Europa,Leipzig 1955. Also see: Beiraege zur Arabistik,Semitik, und Islamwissenschaft,edited by Scheel,Leipzig 1944,S.85-253.

Gatner,Elliot and others,Research anr report writing,New York 1959.

Hartman,Richard und Scheel,H.,Beitraege zur Arabistik,Semitik und Islamwissenschaft,Leipzig 1944.

Heyde,J.E.,Technik des wissenschaftlichen Aarbeitens,Berlin 1935.

Hook,Luryle and others,The Research paper,gathering library material,organizing and prepering the manuscripts,New York 1948,also New Jersy 1969.

Hubbel,G.S.,Writing documented papers,New York 1948.

Hurt,Peyton,Bibliography and footnotes,AA style manual for college and university students,Berkley 1949.

Immisch,Otto,Wie studiert man klassische Philologie,Stutgart 1909.

Kafesoglu,Ibrahim,Tarih Metodu,Istanbul 197l (Student notes).

Kaptan,Saim,bilimsel Arastirma teknikleri,Ankara 1973.

Knoche,U.,Goettingischer gelehrtr Anzeiger,CCII,1940,S.515-531.

Kurat,Akdes Nimet,Akademik tarih Tahsil,Proseminer ve seminerlere dair,Turk Kulturu,year IX,issue 104 (june 1971),S.687-696.

TheSame author,Orta zamantarihi icin kisa bir bibliografya,Istanbul 1934.

Kurnow,Ernest,Arastirma Elkitabi,translated into Turkish by Sadun Aren,Ankara 1956.

Langlois,Ch.V. and Ch. Segnobos,Tarih Tetkikine Giris,translated by Galip Ataac,Istanbul 1937.

Loughlin,G.L.,Basic reference forms: A guide to established practice in bibliography,Quatations,footnotes and thesis format,New York 1941.

Mackeen,A.M.M.,Islamic Studies as a University descipline,The Islamic Review,May 1969.

A manual of style,University of Chicago,Chicago 1949.

Or,Oktay,Arastirma El Kitabi 1,Istanbul 1973.
Parsons,C.J.,Theses and Project work.

Rosenthal,F.,The Technique and approach of muslim scholarship,Roma 1947.

Schmitz,Robert M.,Pre[paring the research paper,A Handbook,New York 1947.

Shalabi,Ahmad,Kayfa tuktab bahthun aw risalah,third edition,Cairo 1957.

Spuler,Bertold,Hinmeise fur das Studium der Orientalistik,Hannover 1947.

Togan,Zeki Velidi,Tarihte Usul,Second edition,Istanbul 1969.

Trelease,sam F.,The Scientific Paper,Baltimore and London 1951.

Turalion,Kate L.,A manual for writers of dissertations,Chicago 1937.

Tutengil,Cavit,Sosyal Ilimlerde Arastirma ve Metod,Istanbul 1969.

Unger,Arthur,Die Herstellung von Bucher,Halle 1923.

The Same author,Wie ein Buch entsteht? 1927.

USA Governmet Printing Office,Style manual,Washington 1945.

Utku,Turhan,Bir konunun Arastirlmasi ve yazilmasi teknigi,Diyanet Dergisi,year IX,Vol.X,issue 104-105 (February-March 1969),pp.59-61.

Watson,George,The literary thesis,a guide to research,London 1970.

Weichmann,Arthur,Die Wissenschaftlichen Arbeiten,eine praktische Arbeitung zur Anfertigung der haeuslichen Arbeit fur Referander,die Doktor und Assesorprufung,berlin 1932.




   
           
                                                                                     
























































                               II

                        L I B R A R I E S
                        
In Islamic research, libraries,archives,public records are very important.One needs to know how to benefit from those centers while he is doing his research.

But Museums are also an important source.Even individual libraries are to be visited by the researcher.Sometimes the best and authentic sources are in places no one can imagine.

The best libraries established by Muslim states are in such places as Egypt,Iraq,Syria,Turkey,Tunis,Morocco,Pakistan,India, Yugoslavia,England,France and many other countries have libraries with manuscritpts and Islamic books.

Those libraries were centers of collections of books for centuries.They are full of printed books and manuscripts. No real or commplete catalogues have been produced so far.Nonumbersfor the books and the number of manuscripts have been developed either.

We all know that there were libraries even before Islam;for example library of Alexandria.

Muslims paid due attention as early as the first century to the collection of books and acquiring the books and manuscripts from whereever possible as much as they could. For this reason,they travelled to far away places.

Ibn al-Nadim has written  his al-Fihrist at the second century of Islamic era.There, he gives the names of books in the various fields.

Brockelmann has written a  compendium Geschichte der Arabischen Literatur and F.Sezgin published upto now nine volumes of his book in the same method as  Geschichte des Arabischen Schriftums.

Wemaybenefit from those type of literature in entering all the namesofwriters and their books in the computer anddevelop the names of the books mentioned in these texts that are not existent today or unknown any where.

We need a center where we may collect all books and printed materials and arrange them in a nice way with modern technological methods and have Muslim scholars from all over the world come and stay and work for their research projects.Some institutes for example are like the Library of  Congress of USA,Bibliotheque National of France,British Museum and its Library  of England,Dar al-Kutub al- Misriyyah of Egypt etc.

One needs to know a little bit about the library in order to benefit from the books and documents.

Some of the libraries have the system of catalogues of cards  according to the authors names,family names or known names.

Some of them are arranged according to the titles of the books.

There are  often reference cards which refer the person to the main cards.

Computer is now used in modern libraries.But I think it will take a little time to have  the computer in  main Islamic libraries in Muslim countries.So the researcher must be ready to struggle and sometimes grope by himself through the libraries alone and pave his way through the difficulties.

Hundreds of collections of the catalogues are recorded as "Majmu`ah",while he has many precious risalahs in it not identified so far.One must work on those risalahs and catalogues and put them into the service of the students of Islam.

Some information for the apprentice in this area:

a. Many libraries of Muslim world have catalogues in book format in Arabic or in Ottoman Turkish,or Urdu etc.

The books are recorded there with their authors'names and titles under different subdivision according to the topics they are related to.

The names may be  false,real names may be different or two books may have been mixed with each other.  So one needs to check the notes given in these catalogues.

b. Cards: Thesearecards on which books are referenced by the authors names and titles.They are generally arranged alphabetically.

Some of them are arranged according to the authors' names.Here generally, the words such as "ab","ibn" etc.,the article "al" are not considered in alphabetical order.But, if these words are the main part of the name or title, then they may be included.

When these are arranged according to the title of the books, article "al", the word "kitab" and "risalah" are not taken into consideration.

These have generally their own system of cataloging and transcribing that are displayed in the libraries in visible places.

There are also  cards arranged according to the topics which are also useful.One may see all the books  collected in one place. But still the student must be aware that there  may be some books and manuscripts that may not have been  included in these catalogues.

As a rule, each book will have three cards,one for the author,one for the title and one for the topic.But some of the libraries do not have such a complete system. 

The librarian's help must be sought in case of need and  their original records of inventories may be referred to if needed.

We all know that generally the libraries do provide copies of the documents and books they have to the students.

But some of the Muslim states  restrict giving copies of manuscripts,especially if they are rare.





































                             III

        D E S C R I P T I O N   O F   M A N U S C R I PT S


Describing a manuscript is important,especially for one who is basing his studies on the manscripts.Manuscripts are not like the printed books.Each one of them has its ownparticularities.They may not have been  categorized like the printed books. Some of themare artistic and crafts products.

Thay are  scattered every where to the extent that can found in any place.

Some of them are original and hand written by the author,preserved for centuries.Some of them have figures and miniatures  of great value.

Manuscript description has its own tachnique. Description begins from outside and it goes into the inside of the manuscript,as follows

1. Author of the manuscript,

2. Title of the manuscript,

3. Library or place where the manuscript is kept,

4. Registration number of the manuscript if it has any,

5. Band: The material (leather or paper etc.),colour, the figures and marks,bondage position,figures in the center and corners,framed with one or double lines,its size,whether it is in good condition or not.

6. Paper: thickness,whetherit is  polished or not,does it have watermarks or not,color,whether it is in good condition or it is eaten by book worms etc.

Evaluating the paper of the manuscript is very  important. Often, manuscripts do not have any date. One may fix the date by evaluating the paper it is written on. Trade marks and watermarks may be helpful in figuring  out the factory in which it was manufactured.If we know the history ofthe factorywhenitwas active,thus we may figure out the century of the manuscript roughly.Of course,this needs a lot of practical experience.

7. How many folios is the manuscript? Manuscripts are numbered by eachleafgettinga number,but the first page which is at
 right is "a",the second page which is at left is "b",like 3a,5b etc.

8. Size of the manuscript: The size of the paper and size of the written portion.

9. Forms and style of writing:Whether text is in the frame,one line or two lines of frame,colorful-colorless,type of writing (riq`a, ta`liq,naskh,color of ink,headings,titles,subdivisions,

dots,harakahs.

It is important for a researcher to know about  paleoghraphy and epigraphy of Arabic language. Hundredsofdocuments, books and inscriptions are scattered all over the world.They need to decipher and publish with historical notes and backgrounds.It is a very rich area in terms of the documents and opportunities for scientific advancement.

10. Number of lines or verses in each page.Any decorations or change of color, picture,miniatur,maps, etc. Generally, the number of lines are odd numbers.
11. Content of the manuscript:Headings with page numbers.

12. Note of copying or drafting : Copier's name, date, place (page number with the text of colophon).This is very useful part.It may give  name,data,place of copying which may help as substance for identification.

13. The colophon: It is the last sentence showing the end of the manuscript.

14. If it was compared with another text or copy,or compared to the master or read to the author, and got his approval, then the textis a good and accurate. These must be recorded carefully with  the number of pages ( Sahh,Muqabalah,Qira'ah,.sama`,ijazah,  

tamalluk etc.).

15. Arethere some notes at the margins or not: If yes,whatare they?

16. The first sentence of the manuscript (awwaluhu),

17. The last sentence: (akhiruhu).

Generally the author and the title are given at the beginning and at the end.

The periodof manuscript may be fixed sometimes with the help of notes related to the ownership,ijazah, etc.

One records what he has from the previous previous giving the number of folios.

There are many catalogues which can be consulted by the researcher and get familiar with the  practical aspects of a description.

One may need to refer to the books written in handwriting,the styles and their particularities etc.Also books on watermarks may be referred, too.


























































                 Bibliography for the Caligraphy 

Arabic Caligraphy,A Collecction of arabic texts from the first century of the Hidjra till the year  1000 edited by B.Moritz,Cairo 1905.    
       
Habib,Hat ve Hattatin,Istanbul 1305.

Ismail hakki,Turk yazilarinin tetkikine methal,Darulfunun,Ilahiyat Fakultesi Mecmuasi,5-6 (1927),pp.111-116.

Qadir,Ahmad,caligraphers and pointers,translated to english by V.Minorski,Washington 1959.

Kuhnel,Ernst,Islamische Schriftkunst,second edition,Graz-Austria 1927.

Meier M.,Bodmer,marti and others,Geschichte der Texuberlieferung der antiken und mittelalterlichen Literatur,I-II.

Muhammad Tahir al-Kurdi al-Makki,tarikh al-Khtt al-Arabi wa adabih,Egypt 1308/1938.

Mustafa Ali,Menakib-i Hunerveran,Istanbul 1926.

Mustakim-zade Sadeddin Suleyman,Tuhfe-i hattatin,Istanbul 1928.

al-Munajjid,Salah al-Din,Dirasat fi Tarikh al-Khtt al-Arabiyy,Beyrut 1972.

The Same author,al-Kitab al-Arabiyy al_makhtut,cairo 1960.

Yazir,Mahmd,Yazi ve Kalem guzeli,eidited by Ugur derman,I-

IV,Ankara 1972-177).

`Unsuri,Muhammad Hasan,Tarikh-i Naqqashan dar Iran,Trnslated by
Abu 'l-Qsim Sahab,Tehran 1328.

Vajda,Georges,Album de paleographie,Paris 1958.


                Bibliography on the Paper and Watermarks

`Abd al-Salam Harun,Tahqiq al-Nusus wa Nashruha,cairo 1960.

De Bofarull y Sans,Don Fransisco,Animal Watermarks,Hilversum 1959.(It is a book full of watermarks marks).

Briquet,Charles,Moise,The Briquet Album,A Miscellany on watermarks,Supplementing Dr.Briquet's Les Filigranes,Hilversum 1952.(It gives an index for the book Les Filigranes between the pp.131-154).

The same author,Briquet's Opuscula,The Complete works of Dr.C.M.Briquet without Les Filigranes,with an introduction by A.H.Stevenson,Hilversum 1955.

The same author,Les Filigranes,Dictionaries historique de papier des leur apparition vers 1282 jusqu'en 1600.A facsimile of the 1907 edition with supplementary material contributed by a number of scholars edited by Allen Stevenson,vol.I-IV,Amsterdam 1968.

This work is published in Leipzig 1928.The first two volumes  is the text  explaining the words alphabetically.the other two volumes give watermarks numbered.Its index is  mentioned above.

The same author,La legende paleographieque du papier de coton,Geneve 1884.

The same author,Notions pratique sur la papier.

The same author,Le papier arabe au moyen-age et sa fabrication,a reprint of Union de la papetrie,Berne 1888.

The same author,Papier et les filigranes des archives de Genes 1154 a 1700.Geneve (Genes) 1888.
The same author,Recjerches sur les premiers paiers emloyes en Occident et en Orient du Xe au XIVe siecle,memoire de la Societe nationame des antiquaires de France,Paris 1886.

The same author,De valeur des filigranes du papier et de leur signification a propos d'un recent proces,Berne 1888.

The same author,De la valeur des filigranes du papier comme moyen de determiner l'age et la provenance de documents nondates,Bulletin de la Societe d'histoire et archeologie de Geneve,Geneve 1892.

Churchill,W.A.,Watermarks in paper in Holland,England,France etc. in the XVII and XVIII centuries and their interconnection,Amsterdam 1935.

Derman.Ugur,Eski Murekkepciligimiz,Islam Dusuncesi,Year 1,issue 2 (Istanbul June 1967),pp.97-112;The same  Magazine,Kalem,year 1,issue 4 (December 19657),pp.255-266.The same Magazine,Kagida Dair,year 1,issue 5 (April 1968),pp.338-347.

Einder,Georg,The Ancient paper-mills of the former AAustro-Hungarian Empire and their watermarks,Hiversum 1960 (It has 459 tables and an index).

Geraklitov,A.A.,Watermarksof the XVIIth century in paper of manuscript and printed documents of Russian Origin,Moscow 1963.(It has an introduction of 28 pages in Russian and more than 1500 watermarks between the pp.29-226 with explanations and index between the pp.227-257).

Haemmerle,Albert,Buntpapier;herkommen,Geschichte,tchniken Beziehungen zur Kunst,Munchen 1961.

Heawood,Edward,Watermarks,mainly of the Seventeenth and Eigtheenth Centuries,Amsterdam 1950,1957,1970.(The book 533 tables with 4978 watermarks).See also: Addenda and Corrigenda to Heawood's watermark,Amsterdam 1970.

Klepikov,S.A.,Watermarks and stamp in paper of Russian and foreign production of the XVII-XIX centuries,Moscow 1959.(In Russian).

Lonot,John,The paperr-mills of Berne and their watermarks (1465-1859),Hilversum 1964.

Mosin-Trajic,Filigranes,vol.I-II,Zagreb 1957.(It has explanations in french in the 854 tables with the watermarks more than 1700). 

The Nostitz papers,Hilversum 1956.

Oriol Valls I Subira,Paper and watermarks in Catalonia,vol.I-II,Hilversum 1970.(First volume is the text,second volume is watermarks).

Shorter,Alfred H.,papermills and paper makers in England 1495-1800,Hilversum 1957.(It has 217 watermarks between the pp.269-387).

A Short guide to books on watermarks,Hilversum 1955.

Trommonin's watermarks in Album,edited and translated by J.S.G.Simmons,Hilversum 1965.

Tschudin,W.F.,The ancient paper-mills of Basle and their watermarks,Hilversum 1957.

Voorn,Henk,The paper mills of Denmark and Norway and their watermarks,Hilversum 1959. 

Zbornik Historijskog Instituta Yugoslavenske Akademiye znanosti i Umetnosti,vol.IV,Zagreb 1961.

Zonghi's watermarks,Hilversum 1957,also 1959 (It contains  about 1900 watermarks).
Zoya Vasil'evna Uchastkina,A History of Russian Hand paper-mills and their watermarks,Hilversum 1962 (it has 381 tables with 196 pages expalanation and also has an index between the pp.195-297). 

                               IV

                T E X T U A L   C R I T I C I S M


There are thousands,even milions of islamic manuscripts all over the world. They are in Arabic,Persian,Ottoman Turkish, Urdu,

Hindi, Yugoslavian, Spanish etc. I believe there is no Muslim nation which does not have any manuscripts in its language about Islam.Even remote areas of Muslim nations have some kind of literature inIslam, and the literarure is in the manuscripts. Albanian, Bosniak, Malaysian, Caucasian languages (Abhaza,Circassian,Georgian), Greek, Russian, Polish etc. all have Islamic manuscripts in their languages.

But,generally speaking,the main manuscripts are in Arabic.

If we extend the subject at document  level, then we might have billions of manuscripts in all the languages of the world.

They need to be studied thoroughly and published as critcal editions for the benefit of the Islamic scholars of the world.

This may be done by a technique called textual criticism, (textkritik,tahqiq al-nass) in different languages.

Unfortunately most of the manuscripts do not have catalogues.They are not registered anywhere.

These were produced centuries ago,but have not been published until now. This is a big defect from the scholarship point of view. They need to be edited. Hundreds of scholars spent their precious time in recording their views and passed away hoping that  someone will take care of their books. If we fail to pay  attention to theirworks who  is going to do that?

The purpose of textual criticism is to establish a text which is really the text written word by word by the author.Most often there is more than one copy of the same  manuscript and the text differs from one to another.Sometimes changes are a very few and some times they are too many.But which one belongs to the author?

Today we are sitting back and accusing or favoring,for example,Abu Hanifah or Imam al-Shafi`i, basing on the information in the books written recently.Are those views really the views and opinions of the scholars they are ascribed to? Where are the books written by them or by their immediate students in which one may find the ideas fully recored?

To solve these problems or to lessen them, we need to have more and more manuscripts  studied and edited.

As a rule, a manuscript has only one  copy;that is the original copy written by the author.

Before the inveition of the printing system, all books were written down by hands.There were some professionals who earned their  living copying the books.It used to take days and months to copy a book.

In this process they could have made mistakes by skipping the lines, changingthe words knowingly or by mistake, thinking that they are contributing to the cause of the author.

Theauthor may not be available,as he may have been dead years, perhaps  centuries before. The copiers were  from different areas  

even countries;their taste of language and their dialects were different.

Copies of the same manuscripts may be in places travelled by the scholars from one country to another.Manuscripts which have been copied  in Cairo were found in Baghdad,Istanbul,Damascus or Tashkent,in British Museum,in Bibliotheque National etc.

Dealinga little bit with the history of the textual criticism,we  must say that modern techniques of textual criticisms come from western cultures where the scholars intended to get texts of Greek and Latin authors in their original forms.

They found hundreds of copies of the same  book differing one fromtheanotherfrom the point oftexts, differentin words and headings etc.So they felt difficulty in fixing the original text,the one which was written by the author.

This was also the situation regarding the text of the Bible.There
 was no original text kept intact.The texts of the Bible had varied from one to the other. They needed to establish a text which was supposed to be the  nearest one to the original copy of the Bible.

In Muslim history, we see a kind of preliminary basis for this textual criticism in the process of the collection of the Qur'an,while Uthman, the third caliph of Islam was in reign.A Committee was formed for this purpose.The Committee decided to have the fragments of the text of the Qur'an to be witnessed by the witnesses and brought to the Committee.

This was in addition to the memorization of the Qur'an that had already been a common practice of the many companions of the Prophet (pbuh).

The Committee publicly followed a way of legal type of proving that the text was from the Qur'an.It was a way of objectivity. 

This was a very strong way of involving the public with the textual criticism.In other words,establishing the text of the Qur'an genuinely and accurately.

Hadith  also got its share.The narrators memorized the texts.If they had any kind of doubt on a word,they mentioned it as a variant, saying "wa fi riwayah..." or "aw..." etc.

Muslims also produced many the books dealing with the criticism techniques of the narrators ( rawis) and the text of the Hadith by using the terms of "hasan", "da`if", "muttasil", "mursal" etc. These were the ways and methods developed for evaluating the texts  of the Hadith. And these techniques were and are satisfactory.

The Orientalists applied these rules to the Arabic and Persian books related to the Islamic studies, and prepared critical editions  of  those books and even published some of them. Some of the orientalists were keenly involved in this technique, some others were not. For example, De Goeje, Snouck-Hurgronje, Goldziher, Brockelmann, L. Massignon, Wensinck, Ritter, O.Rescher, Schacht, Minorski, Arberry, Sarjeant and many others.Some of them produced very good textual critical editions of the  Islamic manuscripts.One may check the catalogues and see what they have done in their works.

Let me expand a little more on the problem of textual criticism.

a. There are hundreds of printed books. If these are checked against the manuscripts available,one can observe some differences of words,sentences and even chapters.Question is which one was the original  manuscript of  the author. And it is a very difficult to ascertain.

Previously, there was no system of printed books and proof reading and correcting the draft and finally printing a copy which was already approved by the author. It  is  found  that even some of the printed books had some differences when they were compared with their original manuscripts of the book discovered lately.

Therefore, even the printed books sometimes need to becorrelated and corrected if there were some mistakes found basing on the authentic manuscript. No Arabic book was printed prior to the sixteenth century, since the printing system was not available in Muslim countries. Thus, many printed books were based in their editions on the manuscripts of the books available in that particular period,irrespective of whether it was an authentic manuscript (written by the author himself) or corrected or not.

b. Manuscripts have  their own problems. Manuscripts were and are very valuable properties.They were transferred from one generation to another.The  older they are, the more value they have. Passage of time  affected them positively.

The peoplewho used to read and study the manuscript,they generally used to put some notes in margins between the lines, sometimes giving the meaning of a word in thetext, or sometimes expressing their viewws, or correcting them. This was happening on the same manuscript.

Later on, when someone  made another copy of it, he interpolated some of these points into the text.So,different notes of various people became part of the text and all are ascribed to the author.In this case, we see different notes, perhaps put in different centuries,with different inks possibly have become  a part of the main text.If this kind of process has been repeated  in the same text,later on, no one can say  which is the part of the real text of the author.

If there are many copies of the same manuscript,and the original manuscript is not found, then we have a big problem.The problem becomes much more complex.

We need to fix the sentences as they were pronounced, exposed or written  by the author.  Therefore, it is necessary to establish the texts as they were wanted by their authors.

c. If we have hand written manuscrits from the author (Original Manuscript), then it is fine.We may go ahead and process that manuscript scientifically with notes,explanations etc., thus making our job easy.

All that we need is to read the text.That also may require a lot of effort,since sometimes the script may not be easy to read,or there may be some loops and gaps in the text.

The names in the text must be explained at the footnotes,biographies must be given with their sources. Dates need to be further clarified. Local names need to be chcked out from the sources. The pronunciation has to be fixed properly which may require a lot of thinking and experience.

Pronunciation changes from one region to another,from one town to town. Even the  sounding and pronouncing the names of the persons and places change  with one dialect to another and deciding the proper way  of saying it may require a lot of experience.For example, the word Muhammad as written in Arabic, might have  been pronounced in  the Ottoman Empire's time as Mahammad or Mahmad to avoid mixing it as being the name of a common person with the name of the Prophet (pbuh). This is to show respect to the Prophet.

When we have the original text of a manuscript, we need to construct the text (construct textus),to fix the sentences as they were written or pronounced by the author.

Firstof all, fixing the text is very important.Then we may study the author's views and opinions and favor it,criticise it or appreciate his contributions.Everything else comes after this.That is the basic requirement of a scientific study.

How to prepare a textually  critical  edition (edition critique) of the manuscripts?

A. We may not have the original manuscript in our hands.We may search generally in vain for the original texts when we are involved in the areas related to the authors who lived and  wrote ten to twelve centuries ago.

So we might have manuscripts of the same book which have been copied from the original text.There may be big gaps among these manuscripts from the point of time to the point of localities.

We may illustrate here by making a little pedigree,a geneolaogigal table for some manuscripts.

Let us look at two tables (below).










             Table  I                       Table  II

In the first table, we don't have the original manuscript. We also do not have the immediate copy made from it;that is marked here as A.We do not have  either B (which is copied from A) or C1,C2 and C3 copies  in our hands.

We have D1 and D2 copies (which have been copied from the copy marked as C2 here).We might assume that we have both of the  D1 and C1 copies at the same time in our hands.

These copies  perhaps may have belonged years or centuries before
 from the point of the production. For example, D1 might have been copied from the copy A, threetofour centuries later.There may be many differences inthetextsofthe manuscripts.

The second table looks like this: There are two copies, A1 and A2, made from the original manuscript,and many manuscripts were made from them. Let's suppose that  we have K, I and D copies today.The copy L has been copied 6 centuries after the death of the author, the copy I,is copied by a copier who lived two centuries after the author and the copy marked D has been copied five centuries after the original text was produced.

Now,what are we going to do in order to establish the text which was produced by the author as it was ? If we had had the original text,then we would have had no big difficulty in establishing it.Now we have to find either the original manuscript or the text which is the nearest to the original text.

As we all know,copiers (mustansikhs) may not be contemporaries of the  author and what they did,was to copy the manuscripts putting a copy in their front and looking at it.       
B. There may be many differences in the texts of the manuscripts.Words may be different,sentences,headings,divisions and even spellings may vary from one to another.

These variants come out generally from the following reasons:

1. Copier may writea different word by mistake while he is copying,or skips a sentence,  a word or even a section.

2. He makes some changes willingly and intentionally.

3. It may be different since the  dialect and taste of the language during the period of the copier was different  what it was at the time of the author.

These are a few reasons that need to be mentioned.There are many variety of factors which can practically occur during the process of copying.

C.Here,we take one of the copies as basic text,then we may group the manuscripts available  depending on commonalities and mistakes etc. and develop the basic text as the original or the nearest copy to the original.We complete the text by reading these words properly taking into consideration the culture of that  period,the circumstances of the author and the copiers and even the civilization they were living in.

This may lead us to a text which was nearest to the original manuscript.

D. We may not have all copies available in our hands. Photostatic copies of the main and important copies may be taken and some of them may be made ready with the films.But still we may be in need of referring to the  mnanuscript itself from time to time.

In order to fix the places where the copies of a book are,one may refer to
l. GAL by Brockelmann and GAS by Sezgin.

2. Card Catalogues of the libraries may be checked personally.

3. Published catalogues of the libraries may be checked.

The  copies used for this reason may be marked with some proper letters (such as A,B,C,) or abbreviations ( such as Sul. for Sulaimaniya,British for a copy in British Museum and Cr for Cairo copy). Of course, a good description of all these copies with their  symbols will be given in detail at the beginning of the study.All  merits and demerits of the copies must be dealt  in  a detailed way.

E. What are the merits of a main copy:

1. It is the oldest and nearest to the author's period.

2. It represents nearly good, if not completely, the original manuscript,

3. It  reflects the best way of  spelling,grammar and other linguistic and circumstantial conditions of the author.

4. Reflects the  cultural and civilization of the period of the author in a better way.

We may make groupings of copies looking at the  gaps and common mistakes in the text and find out  archetype  (archetypus) and an essential text to be followed.

This requires experience and a good deal of knowledge about the culture, history of literature and civilization of the periods where the author and copiers lived.

There are views about the fact that there were some professionals who produced fake copies of the books for their own business interest  (look at Minowi, Mujtaba, Qabus-nama'nin yeni nesri hakkinda,translator Ahmet Ates,Sarkiyat Mecmuasi,II ( Istanbul Univetsitesi,Edebiyat Fakultesi,1958 ),pp.105-130).

F. As to the practicality of the textual criticism, the main manuscript may be written on a note book with double space using one side of the leaf. Beginning each  page may be recorded with the symbols at the margins or inside the text in brackets.The lines of main text may be  numbered consecutively by 5,10,15,20 so on and so forth.

Then one may compare the other copies and record the differences  in between lines or across the other pages,may be,eachone with different color.

Then we may get one copy and record all differences at the bottom of thepageafter  the apparatus line,the line which seperatesthe text from the footnotes. Here, one copy is taken asthe main text, and the differences are recorded down at the apparatus. Western Orientalists  follow this method.

According to some opinion, a common text must be developed from all different copies and the small differeneces must be noted down in the apparatus part. 

Whether developing and scholarly editing a unique copy ( that means we have only one copy ) is considered as textual criticism or not may be a controversial issue.But since the text in this case,also needs to be worked on and developed nearly with the same methods one may have in the real textual criticism,this also can be considered as textual criticsm.

G. Let me quote a source in this regard:

"a) It is necessary to note down at the apparat all variants of copying mistakes, negligence of the writer and all other suspected points of  conflicts inthe text, texts  which were not probably, mistakes of the dates,ambiguities and  things against the main rhymes.

b) All the variants which were not acceptable (lecon) are also to be recorded in case of a text that is taken as basic
 manuscript.If a group is taken as a basis,then the variants of archetype and not acceptable reports also will be recorded.

c) If the variants and reports are many and there are a wide range of differences,then the most important ones are to be taken in apparatus,and the rest go to the end of the text.

d) A sign of II is to be put between the two variants recorded under the different numbers.These numbers are,at least, to be taken between the quotation marks as it is generally practised.The variants without numbers are to be seperated by the signs.

e) The accepted variant is to be taken at the top and seperated from the others by the colon.No textual crticism sign is to be placed at the end of groups of the variant.The lack of variants of words and sentences in a copy is to be shown with the sign - and the extra  words and sentences are to marked as + ." (Ref.Ahmet Ates,Metin tenkidi hakkinda,Turkiyat Mecmuasi,vol.VII-VIII,part 1 l940-1942,Istanbul 1942,pp.260-261.Also Zeki Velidi Togan,Tarihte Usul,Istanbul 1969,pp.89-95).

The researcher is also to  put at the apparat the biographies of the persons mentioned in the text with their sources.The names of localities are to be explained and the verses of the Qur'an and the hadith of the Prophet are to be checked and recorded with their references.

Of course one needs to  give the reports of the  previous studies and researches done in that regard and give detailed information about the reasons of selecting a copy as the main manuscript and the method that was followed by him with particularities if he had any.

A textual criticism will follow the next steps at least in theory  according to a source in this field (Paul Maas,Textkritk,Einleitung in  die Alktertumswissenschaft,edited by  Gercke-Norden,vol.I,part VII,1927 and also Leipzig 1949 and 1957):

I) Recensio: to sudy the text and to sort out and fix the probable text which have been reported.

II) Examinatio:To study this probable text or the text which is likely to be the original and to fix it to an extant it gives the original text.

III) Divinatio:If we cannot get by this way, (the main text)),then we must try to reconstruct  the original text or to rectify the text which is available and correct the defects as much as possible.

Now let's deal the same points a little more in detail.

I) Recensio:

a) If we have only one manuscript (unique manuscript,codex unicus),our job is to fix the text with full accuracy,put notes,give biographies of the persons and write the life of the author etc.

b) If there are more than one copy of the manuscripts,then these are the following probabalities:
ba) There are only two copies and one of them stems from the other.In this case,if the second copy is totally based on the first one and it does not have any significant variants different than the first and it is possible to develop the first copy without the second,then the second one may be neglected and eliminated (eliminatio codicum descriptorum).

bb) If there are more than two copies and the situation mentioned above to eliminate one of them,then we need to fix a kind of geneological tree and table all the manuscripts in that tree.Here we might have  either one split or intermediate splits.

The first split after the original manuscript where the  table splits first is called archetype (archetypus).The manuscripts of next splits are named as hyparchetypes.

This archetype is the nearest copy to the original,since it is the earliestand by that merit free of some later mistakes and defects.But to have this type of archetype manuscript is not always possible.If the researcher gets one,then he is almost likely to have the original manuscript constructed (the process of contitutio).

Let's illustrate the situation practically in a table:











Let me go a little more in detailing the table.

1. If a copy, for examplle J in the table,has all errors of a manuscript,F in the table,also has at least one error (peculiar error),then it is assumed that  copy J derives from the copy F.As we see here, the common errors between the two manuscripts are too muchauxiliarytofix them and the onehaving some peculiar errors for itself shows that it is independent and likely that it was copied later than the other.

Now a few words about how to determine that a copy is made later than the other.If one of the two copies has  some peculiar errors in the text,and these errors happened to be because of the gaps and loops (lacunae) or textual defects in the first copy, or the copier himself confessed that he had added to and corrected the text, some logical sequence is broken by deletion or omission of some kind, it is considered in all these cases that the second copy  derives from the first and the second is a later copy.If we fix the dates of these two copies, we may take a big step forward.

2. If two copies of the same manuscripts,G and H copies in our table, have common errors and none of these common errors are there in any other copies, and on the top of that, each one has at least one  peculiar error for itself,then  both of them are derived from the same manuscript, copy marked as e in the table.So one may construct a copy, copy e in the table, from the two,G and H copies, picking up their common sentences.The differences between these two may be put as variants at the footnotes.

If the two copies could not meet at any point,G and H copies for example, no third copy,copy e in the table,can be produced.c and d copies may resemble to the copy e.
3. If the four copies,A,B,C and D in our table,have errors in common and peculiar errors,and they do not have any common errors against each other,then that means each one of them derives from a third copy, copy b in the table.So, the student may construct the  main text, copy b,depending on the common points between any pair or between any one of them and copy c.So,if there is no shared point,no copy,manuscript b for example,can be produced.Peculiar  errors of each one of the A,B,C,D and E copies are not significant from the point of constructing  a copy, b and c copies in the table.These peculiar errors are not to be considered (eliminatio lectionum singularum).

4. Let's discuss copy marked as a.It has two branches, b and c.If both  join,then we may get copy a out of them. If both of them do not meet at common points,then one of the two, in other words, different pronunciation of one of them (that is the variant) constitutes copy a.There are also some other variants and it is not possible to make any preferance among them.If we have one copy from each branch,A and J copies in the table,it is possible to construct copy a depending on both of them.The copies having different pronunciation are variant carriers.

If there are  some more  splits or more copies,such as A,E and J copies,one needs to take into consideration a little more detailed variants (subvariants) to be used as catalyzer.

5. If the copiers mingled and mixed up the texts of more than one copy with each other ( Exemplare,exemplars),this is called contamination  and may be understood like this:The mixed up and made up copy does not  show the peculiar errors of the copy from which it was copied and it uses either the expression that it was corrected from another copy or it may contain the peculiar errors of hyparchetype copies on which it did not depend. For instance,let's have b, c and K copies available. If sometimes b and K copies,some times c and K copies have  errors in common,then these b,c and K manuscripts are mixed with each other.

The problem of mixing up copies with other  may occur simply not by the two different copies, it may also occur when the copier interpolates the notes previously put by a reader as  different spelling or pronunciation (dissident reading) into the text.The case  here might be a little more complex and needs to spend  more effort to get any result.

II) Examinatio:

Here we study thetextofthe manuscript.If it is clear,no problem.But if the text is not understandable,in this case we do not have any strong criteria.

We need to study the style of the book,and what we think that the author might have known and written.The author's knowledge and experience must be taken into consideration.

We must try to correct the narrations and reports.The text may help to repair and correct itself. To eliminate  anomalies is one way of curing the text. If there is any  anomaly,that must be eliminated,based on the logic that the authorwould not have written his manuscript with that anomaly.

But we have to remember that there are anomalies which may be intentionally left by the author. So if we see an  anomaly in the text and we prove that the author might have expressed his opinions without resorting to that  anomaly, then we assume that this anomaly does not come from the author.

In the case of having many clashing probabilities, we may prefer the best one from the point of style and the easiest one in putting out the defects and mistakes.

Speaking on the defects and mistakes, we have to accept that the mistakes may come out because of psychological situation as common mistakes and interpolation.

III) Divinatio:

If the variants may give an hyparchtype copy by preferences (process of selectio),that is fine.

If no conclusion isreached, and no way of eliminating the variants or absorbing them in  a text,then that means the original has two different versions which both of them are acceptable.

We may benefit in the textual criticism from linguistic studies,history of script,cultural environment,spellings,verbal narrations,other contemporary literature,the  books of  the teachers and colleges of the author,archeological studies etc. Now what are the main parts of critically established edition:

1. Preface or foreword,

2. Introduction:

a) Here he must describe in detail the manuscripts he bases on.

b) He has to make a pedigree (stemma,line of descent) of all copies and show the relations among them. The table narrows going up and spreads and splits  descending down.

c) Archetypes and variant carriers are to be clsssified and tabled and compared with each other.

d) Spellings,pronunciations and script issues are to be solved.

3.a) The life ofthe author,his environment,his scientific contributions,his works,his colleagues and his particulars.

b) Analysis of the contents of the manuscript,its importance for  science, and the characteristics of the book.

4. Main text.

5. Index ( words,concepts,lists of the verses from the Qur'an and hadith of the Prophet,verses of poems mentioned in the text etc.).

Thepage numbers of the original manuscript must not be neglected to put in the bracket inside the text of the printed pages.

The following signs are commonly used in western editions of critical texts:

<  > This is for additions based on probability.This to fill        lacuna in the text.

[  ] Sentences repairing the material damages.

[[  ]]  (  ) Substraction made by guessing.

+  Extra sentences in the text.

-  The sentences lacking in the text.

As we were saying there is at the bottom of each page a line dividing the text from the footnotes,that part is called apparat (apparatus criticus).That may be one line or double lines.These are to be recorded in the apparat:

a. The variants not pointed out in the text

b. Variants which are not acceptable

c. Mistakes made during the copying process

d. Further variants (subvariants) in the text
e. The rejected pronunciation against the stronger one which is   in the text

f. The doubts related to the accuracy of the text

g. The notes explaining the life of the person,the    particularities of the place mentioned in the text

f. The references of verses,hadith and poetic sources

h. Any comment or any  point to clarify the text.

Punctuation and using all kinds of modern signs in the text are included in the process of the textual criticism.

                         Errors

Errors are very important in arranging tables, pedigrees ofthe  copies of a manuscript.Here  indicative errors (Leitfehler) have a very functioning roles.

The errors separating the two manusripts,A and B copies for instance, from each other and making each one of them independent are called seperative errors (errores seperativi).If two manuscripts have joint errors and each does not have individual errors,then these errors are called common errors (errores conjunctivi). 

Seperative and common errors have important roles in fixing the tables.Let's expand the issue a little more in detail and see some tables:

I) If we have two copies,A and B,we might have three different possibilities:






1. A copy has no seperative error,seperating it from B.
2. B has no error seperating it from copy A.

3. Each one of them has seperative errors.

II) If we have three copies, A,B and C, we may get 22 probable tables:

a) If any one of these copies were a source (exemplar) to be copied by the other two,then we  get the following two tables:





                            or



                                ( B and C have common errors)

b) If none of  the copies  were exemplar for any of the rest, then that means we might have avoided 18 tables out of the 22. 6 out of  these 18,have been exemplar for any one of the remaining two copies,one out of 12 copies has been source for any two of the rest.Four possiblities are left:






The criterion here was that the errors in common (conjunctive errors) may be found between any of the two against the any  third copy.

If the copies available are more than three,we might get more tables with the same way.

The more copies and tables we get,the more variants we find.It is natural and the variants are also natural products of the copying process.

Some variants get more variants and we may get some kind of subvariants or variants out of variants.
 
The variants are classified in diffrent ways:

a. Universal type of variants,which may occur in any kind of copying matter.

b. Spontaneous variations,which may come out of the mistake.

c. Variants come out from the determined acts of a person.

Another classification:

1. Hazardous variants:

a. Variants come out because of the letters resemble to each other.

b. Variants come out because of the abbreviations of some words.

c. Letters were connected to each other wrongly or seperated from each other in wrong way.

d. A note in the margin have been interpolated into the text.

e. Mixing the sounds led to the variations.

f. The words are wrongly arranged.

2. Changes made willingly: These are the variants made by the copier willingly and intentionally,perhaps he thought he is correcting the text.

Some variants are vertical variations.Those are variants between a copy and its hypearcetype copy.Some variants are horizontal variations,these are variations between copies which have no common hyperarcteype and each one belongs to different branch of the table ( One may refer to Ulrich,Greg,Whibly,Maas etc.).

Tables of the Manuscripts:

I will try to expand previously dealt  tabling of the manuscripts a little more in detail.
Western researchers developed many theories and terminologies related with the tables of manuscripts.They name these tables in different languages stemma,line of descent,genealogy,genealogical tree,pedigree,Stammbaum,families of manuscripts,classes of manuscripts etc.

They name  the author's copy as the original and use some other terms such as ancestor,latest ancestor,common ancestor,exclusive common ancestor and descendant etc.

It isnot always possible to find all manuscripts stemmed from one  source.We take the advantage of what we have and try to find out the relations and connections among the manuscripts using logical  techniques to find out the text which should have been there before.This  copy is called inferential manuscript.

The inferential manuscript is the latest common ancestor of the copies available.It is also named as hypothetical manuscript.It is needless to point out that the archetype is not always the original.

Alongwith the existant ones and the manuscripts which can be derived by  proper methods,there are some other manuscripts which can be hardly perceived in their completeness,they are called potential manuscripts. Discovery of some manuscripts may lead sometimes toalevelof analogical copy of the original.

Definition of a table of the manuscripts is given like this: it is a way of grouping of all copies with their hyperarchtypes and potential copies together with the connections and relations among each other.

Groups of the tables:

1. Ancestoral group:Here the copies are arranged by the relation of ascendence and descendence.

2. Collateral group:the copies, in this case, are members of the same family and have more than one branches.

3. Mixed group: If the two methods mentioned above are mixed with each other,then we have a mixed group  table.

Tables may be divided by the source and dependence concept. 

1. Independent manuscripts.

2. Successive manuscripts.

Each one of them is a quasi independent and quasi successive branches of manuscripts.

How can we practically do textual criticism?

The basic text may be written down on a big note book in double space leaving one third of the paper at the left as margin. Then the differences and variations of each copy may be recored in between the lines in different color.

It is useful to mention in the paranthesis the notes put in later centuries by  various people in the margins of the  texts.The corrections may mean a lot to the extent that they reflect the original text.The corrections have to be pointed out as corrections(tashih or sahh).One may think that the copierhad in his hand available  a genuine copy comparing the text withhis own copy and corrected it.

The styles of script, color of ink, and notes etc. may give the time and period of the copy. But  sometimes the letters are erased  and the gaps and lacuna are found.One may need to use new infra-red  lights or laser type techniques to read the letters and words erased or dried up.
One needs to point out the omitted and lacunae clearly.We must not be indulged in useless variations and be drowned in the ocean of defects and problems.

The first thing to do is,of course,to find all copies available in the world.This is called in Germanistics as "Heuristik".Otherwise  to publish what we have in our hands without finding all copies and finalizing the search with exlusiveness and completeness.

GAL of Brockelmann and GAS of Sezgin will help the researcher a lot in this field,I believe.

Previously the people used to publish and edit what they found, but later on,in the first years of the nineteenth century Immanuel Bekker had started for the first time to base the edition on different copies of the book.

Itis necessary to benefit from all technical facilitiesand instruments,including computers etc.


Reconstruction of a Manuscript:

Restoring and  reconstructing of a book is a process to be dealt here in a few words.This technique resembles to textual criticism.

This is the way to do:

a. One needs to screen the later literature produced after the author and sort out the reports made from it.The immediate books written after the writer are to be taken in the first step.

b. All reports and narrations and quotations made from him may be classified.

c. They may be compared and corrected.
d. The material may be arranged into a book form setting and format that in acceptableform and resembling the books of that particular period.

e. The book may be drafted.

The book has to represent in the best form and in nearest form to its author.It is totally based on the reports made from it by other people.It is not possible to have a book of which  the name is known to us and we do not have any copy of it without getting in this technique.

It is our ideal wish to see the opinions and views of the early writers and scholars arranged in a systematically form by using the technique of reconstruction and restoring the early possible books,thinkingthat if they had written  books they would have been like those.For instance it may be useful to fix the opinions of Abu Hanifah pointing the sources and arranging nicely and scholarly and to give them in a book format.

One may mention the next article as an example to this technique:

Cerrahoglu,Ismail," The Sahifah of Tafsir by `Ali b.Abi Talha",Ankara University,Review of the College of Theology,year 1969,vol XVII (Ankara 1971),pp.55-82.




















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The same author,Regles pour editions critique.

Hill,A.A.,Some postulates for distributional study of texts,Studies in Bibliography,vol.3 (1950),pp.63-95.

al-Husaini, `Ali, Usul al-Tahqiq, Amali Mustafa jawad,in "Nusus al-Dirasah fi al-Hawzat al-`Ilmiyyah,Bayrut/Lubnan 1988,pp.627-650.

Immisch,Otto, Wie stdiert man klassische Philologie,Stuttgart 1909.

Irigion,Jean,Stemmas bifides et Etats de Manuscrits,Revue de philologie de Literature et d'Histoire anciennes,3.serie,vol.XXVI,Paris 1952,pp.211-217.

Jebb,Textual criticism.A Companion to Greek studies,edited by Leonard Whibley,Cambridge 1905,pp.610-623.

Kantorowitz,Hermann,Einfuhrung in die Textkritik,systematische darstellung der kritischen Grundsaetze fur philologen und juristen,Leipzig 1921.

Kenyon,Fredrick G.,Handbook to the textual criticism of the New Testament,London 1926.

Latham,R.E.,Revised medieval latin wordlist from British and Irish sources,London 1965.

Lindsay,Wallace martin,An introduction to latin textual emandation,London 1896.
Maas,Paul,Textkritik,Eileitung in die Altertumswissenschaft,edited by Gercke and Norden,vol.I,part VII (1927).

The same author,Textkritik,Leipzig 1949,1957.

The same author,Textual criticism,transwl;ated into english by Brbara Flower,Oxford 1958.

Mackay,P.A.,A system for the composition of Arabic script edition,Abstracts,29th International Congress of Orientalits,Arabic and Islamic Sections,Paris 1973,p.90.

McD,A.A.,The Classical Oxford Dictionary,edited by Hammond and Scullard,second edition,Oxford 1970 (The article of "textual criticism").

al-Munajjid,Salah al-Din,Arapca yazmalarin Nesri kaideleri (Qawa`id Tahqiq al-Makhtutat),translated into Turkish by Mehmed Hatiboglu,Ankara University,College of the Theology,year 1966,vol.XIV (Ankara 1967),pp.245-262.

Palmer,Humphrey,The Logic of Gospel Criticism,Edingburgh 1968.

Piolle,J.,Tratement automatique et edition automatique des textes en alphabete non latine,Abstaracts,29th International Congress of Orientalists,Arabic and Islamic Sections,Paris 1973,p.95.

Postgate,Textual Criticism,A Companion to latin satudies,edited by John Edwin Sandys,Cambridge 1910,pp.791-805.

Quentin,Dom Henry,Essais de critique textuelle (Ecdotque),Paris 1926.

Sandys,John Edwin,A Companion to latin studies,Cambridge 1910.

Staehlin,O.,Editionstechnik,second edition,1914.

Shakir,Ahmad,Sunan al-Tirmizi,vol.I,Cairo 1937,(introduction).
Shalabi,Ahmad,Kayfa tuktab bahthun aw Risalah,Cairo 1957.

Urlichs,Geheinrat and others,Einleitende und Hilfdisziplinen,edited by Iwan Mueller,Handbuch der klassischen Altertum-wissenschaft,Nordlingen 1886.

Vaganay,Leo,An Introduction to textual criticsm of New testament,translated by B.V.Miller,Kent 1937.

Whibley,Leonard,A Companion to greek studies,cambridge 1905.





































































































                             V

                   T R A N S C R I P T I O N


Aresearcher in Islamic field may always need to transcribe words written in an alphabet into another alphabet.Languages and their alphabets are different.Each one  has itsowncharacteristic letters with special sounds and particularities.So,in this case, towrite the letters and words of a language in another alphabet requires a different way of dealing it.This is called transcription. Arabic language,Persian,Urdu,Ottoman Turkish and other languages all have their owncharacters.Especially Arabic,which has only consonant letters in its alphabet and the vowels are not included in its alphabet.It isnoteasyto be reflected in written form in the languages with alphabets which have vowels and some other characters.So we need to have a way out of this problem.The various milieus adopted different ways and methods and even scholars and publications in one country does not have unanimously acceptable methods.

It is a common knowledge that there were hundreds perhaps thousands of alphabets in the history.Each had its own characteristics.Later on same of them dominated the others by the time. This is what happened to Latin and Arabic alphabets.

As a matter of fact both of them derived from the same original alphabet according to one theory.If one studies comperatively the forms and functions and sounds of the alphabetical letters both of the alpahabets,such as  O compared with the Ain,one may conclude  that the two alphabets ahd relation to each other sharing their origins perhaps in the past at Phoenician alphabet.

One needs further studies to be done.

One may observe a very harsh type of transcription,using one sign for each sign in the original language,ignoring for instance i`rabs,harakahs of Arabic.

Another way of tackling this problem is the transcribing the sounds and the pronunciation.Here  harakas,i`rabs of arabic laguages are fairly transfered into target language.This is some kind of a transliteration.

This second method lacks the flexibility of source language and deprives the reader from the other ways of reading the text,variant type of pronunciation which,I may say,is the very important feature of Arabic language.The first one may give that flexibility and plural probabilities,but lack the popularity and stands perhaps too much scholarly.

Here  one may find some of the transcription systems with a brief explanation.These are not all.They are just a few in hundreds,perhaps thousands.

No unanimity and no commonplace in this regard.

One needs to have centers where the scholars may sit,discuss and do some thing in an effective manner and execute what they decided.

There are many sources for this system.Encyclopedea of Islam,many oriental reviews published in Europe and America,books written by the Orientalists etc.

Since our first hand and main sources and literature are in Arabic and thetranscription here is meant to be into western languages in latin alphabets,I preferred some French,someEnglish and some German scholarly magazines to be given  as main stream lines in this regard ( See Transliteration of Arabic Characters
 BS 4280: 1968,edited British Standards Institution,Transcription phonetique et transliteration.Prepositions etablis par la Conference tenue a Copenhaque en Avril  1925,Oxford 1926).












































       
    Transcription Alphabet from Arabic into Latin Characters     
 
 









































































































    Notes of Clarifications Regarding Transcription Table


I. Turkish Encyclopeadia of Islam:

The system here is in a way that i`rabs are not written in arabic phrases and sentences.( like Ma`asir al-`Ulema').The letter l (lam) of the Arabic article (that is "al" ) is kept unchanged into Shamsi letter following it (like al-Shams,al-Najm).

The letter "a" of the article "al" is kept as miniscule,except the headings.A hyphen (-) is always placed between the article "al" and the word it preceds.(Like al-Kitab,not alKitab).

Here "a" of "al" is ommitted and substituted by apostroph (') when it follows a  vowal (like wa 'l-magrib,not wa al-magrib).Of course, one needs a space  between the two words.

Personal names are capitalized (Like Muhammad b.Hasan b.Salim).The titles of books are also capitalized.But the other words in the title are kept as miniscules (Like Ma`rifat al-rutab fi ma varada min kalam al-`arab).But if there are some personal names mentioned in the title,then these names are also capitalized.

Prolongings (madds) are pointed out by putting a hyphen at the                                        -top of the related vowel (Like al-Safadi).But if a consonant is following the prolongings,then no hyphen is put,since there is no process of prolonging the letter in this case (Like  Abu 'l-nasr).
                                                                 
The letter of Ta-i Marbuta,if it is liasioned and connected with the following letter,then it is written as "t".But if it is not connected,"t" is not shown,it is shown only "a" ( like sanat alqaht and Abu Hanifa,not Hanifat or Hanifah).
The word  ibn (   ,meaning son of.. )  written at beginning of the names is capitalized as Ibn,but in the middle it is shown as b. (    ) . (Ibn al-Qayyim al-Jawzi,and Ahmad b. Zaid b.`Ali).

A hyphen is put between huruf al-Jarr ( prepositions) and the words they precede (Like bi-Kitab,or min-Kitab).

As to harakas "a" is used for fatha ( -- ),"i" is used for kasra

( --- ) and "u" is used for damma ( --- ).But two words are exceptions: the word "Muhammad" is not written like that,but it is written as "Muhammed" ( with e,instead of a) and the word "Ahmed"  has same particulars too.

The  sign for Hamz ( ' ) is not written before the capitals  (like Abu,it is not written as 'Abu).

The Encyclopeadia,dealt here,is the Turkish version with corrections and supplements of the next english Encyclopeadia of Islam.It is almost finished from the point of publishing the first version of english text.New version of the Encyclopedia of Islam,is not yet translated into Turkish.

II. The Encyclopeadia of Islam: Its system is almost exactly like the Turkish Encyclopeadia of Islam ( aricle I above).All that has been said in these are valid here in this regard.

This english Encyclopeadia being published in Leiden (Holland) by The Publishers Brill,a very old firm,caring in the publcation of scholarly books on orientalism.Its new edition is going on.

III. Encyclopedie de l'Islam (Nouvelle Edition): As in I above,this is the French version of the the Encyclopeadia of Islam,which is being published  by Brill in  Leiden,Holland.

IV. Brockelmann,GAL and its Suppl.:It is almost exactly as the  The Turkish Encyclopedia of Islam.But here the letter l (lam) of the Arabic article,is being changed into the shamsi letter and the word gets shadda (like an-Najm,not al-Najm).

GAS of Sezgin has the same system.

Details about this book and Segin's book will be found at the end annexed to the book.

V. Sarkiyat Mecmuasi: This is a scholarly review published by the department of Oriental Studies of the Faculty of  Letters of Istanbul University and its system  is as mentioned in article IV.

VI. Revue des Etudes Islamique: This is a review published by the Institute of the Islamic Studies in Paris (France).It has almost a common system for Arabic,Persian and Turkish.It differs from this rule sometimes.

It has the following system for the vowels:
          -
Arabic: a,a,i,i (withou dot at the top),u,u (with two dots at the         top),ay,aw,ta-i tanith: a,at.
           -
Persian: a,a,e,i,o,u,aw,ow,ay and ey.
           -
Turkish: a,a,e,i,i (without dot at the top),o (with two dots at           the top),o,u (with two dots at thetop) and u.

It follows in other points the system of GAL (article IV,above).

VII. Arabica: This a review published in Paris (France).It follows the system that has been explained in the first article (number  I,above).

Tha-i marbuta is shown as "a" and "at" and the vowels are                                     substituted by the signs of a,i,u-a,i,u,aw and ay.

VIII. This system is what has been prepared by the College of Letters (Liberal Arts) of the Istanbul University and published by the Turkish Ministry of Education under the title of "Turk Ilmi Transkripsion Kilavuzu ( Turkish Manual for Scientific Transcription),Istanbul 1946.

For further information one may refer to:

Zaki Velidi Togan,Tarihte Usul. Amoretti,Biancamaria Scarcia,L'Onomasticon Arabicum:Un Esempio di Collaborozione internazionale,Gli studi jul Vicino Oriente in Italia dal 1921 al 1970,II.L'oriente islamoco (Rome 1971),pp.291-306.

Neysari,Salim,Transliteration of Oriental words into latin characters,Journal of the RCD Institute,I/3 (summer 1963),pp.5-11 and II/2 (spring 1969),pp.122-127.

Tahsin Banguoglu,Arapca maetinlerin transkrisiyonu uzerine,Ankara Universitesi,Ilahiyat Fakultesi Dergisi,yil:1960,cilt VIII (Ankara 1961),pp.179-180.




















































































                            VI

              SOME MANUALS OF ISLAMIC STUDIES


(Here are some of the frequently referred to manuals and literature with a little detailed features.They are indispensable sources in Islamic studies and researchs. We hope the notes given here will help the researcher at least at the beginning of the task and constitute for him a preliminary information to proceed forward with his own experiences. These may be considered a list of books which an Islamic Center Library has to have in its manual section).

A) Manuals related to the Qur'an:

1. al-Ansari,Ibrahim b.`Abd Allah,Irshad al-hairan li-ma`rifat ay 

al-Qur'an,Third edition,Qatar 1986,It gives the beginning of the verses of the Qur'an.

It also has  a book at the end which gives in alphabetical order the main concepts and words of the Qur'an with theirsources in the verses of the Qur'an.This book is "Tafsil wa mustadrakat ayat al-Qur'an al-Hakim" by `Abd al-Mu`in Mahmud `Abbarah.

2. al-Dimashqi,Muhammad Munir,Irshad al-raghibin fi 'l-kashf `an Ay al-Qur'an al-Mubin,no place, 1346 hijri .

3. Fluegel.G.,Concordantiae Corani,Leipzig 1875.It is based on a Qur'an published by Fluegel.

4. Ilmi-zade Faid Allah al-Hasani al-Maqdisi,Fath al-Rahman li-Talib ayat al-Qur'an,Bairut 1323.

It uses symbols for the surahs while giving the places of words in the Qur'an.It is based on the Hafiz Osman Qur'an.

5. Qastamuni,Hilmi b. Husain,Misbah al-Ikhwan li-Taharriyat al-Qur'an,Istanbul (?) 1322.

6. MuhammadFu'adAbd al-Baqi,al-Mu`jam al-Mufahrasli-alfaz al-Qur'an al-Karim,Cairo 1364.

This book is a very useful manual.One cannot accomplish any thing without this book. There are some various editions.

It gives any and all words mantioned in the Qur'an with their numbers of verses,the surahs,numbers of surahs they are mentioned in.But the words are to be searched under their three root letters (thulathy mujarrad,masdar).Derived words (mustaqqat) are arranged under the heading of their three root letters.

The words are referred to how many times they are mentioned in the Qur'an,and the the surah and  ayah  arrangements are followed while the words are given in their different places in the Qur'an.

After the word is mentioned, first some part of the verse where the word is located is given,then the number of that verse,then the name of the surah and finally the number of that surah.

The arabic letter K near the verses symbolizes that the verse is Makki  (revealed in Makka) and  the arabic M is the the abbreviation of Madani (revealed in Madinah).

Howtofind some of the complex words is explained at the introduction of the book (page arabic Ta,the letter after dat in the arabic Alphabet).

7. Muhammad Isma`il Ibrahim,Mu`jam al-Alfaz wa 'l-A`lam al-Qur'aniyyah,Cairo 1968.

It gives the roots of the words mentioned in the Qur'an with their places.But this book also gives the meanings of the words.
Some information is given about how to benefit from the book (pages 11-12) and how to find the origins of some words (pp.14-24).

8. Ramyar,Mahmud,Qur,an-i Karim wa Faharis-i 'al-Qur'an,Tehran 1435.

One  has to remember that there are many  Tafsir books related to the commentary of the Qur'an.The main ones  are  to be checked from their original sources.As an example  I may presentthe following Tafsirs written in arabic:

a. Tafsir Ibn `Abbas,

b. Tafsir Mujahid,

c. Tafsir Muqatil,

d. Tafsir Ibn Jarir al-Tabari,

e. Tafsir al-Zamahshari (al-Kasshshaf),

f. al-Qurtubi,Jami` al-Batyan li-Ahkam al-Qur'an,

g. al-Razi,Tafsir al-Kabir,

h. al-Baidawi,Anwar al-Tanzil,

i. Tafsir Abu's-Su`ud,

k. Tafsir Ruhu 'l-Bayan li- Ismail Hakki Bursawi.

Of course there are many  tafsirs written in Urdu,in Turkish and Persian which must be considered while a research is made. 

B) The Manuals related to Hadith:        

1. Wensinck,A.J.,al-Mu`jam al-Mufahras li-Alfaz al-Hadith al-Nabawi (= Concordance et Indice de la Tradition musulmasne),vol.I-VII,Leiden 1936-1969.It is in Arabic.Its original edition is made in Leiden,Holland.But some fotostatic editions made in Lebanon and Istanbul are there to be seen in the market. It is a concordance in Arabic.

This fantasticbook is a product of years andyearsof continous team work.It is an index of the words mentioned in nine very important hadith compendiums;namely Sahih by al-Bukhari,Sahih by Muslim,Sunan  by Abu Dawud,Sunan by al-Tirmizi,Sunan 

al-Nasa'i,Sunan by Ibn Maja,Musnad by al-Darimi,Musnad by Ahmad b.Hanbal and Muwtta' by Malik.The first six are called "thesix books (al-Kutub al-sittah)". The majority of them are voluminous books,more than one volume.All of them contain almost the biggest part of hadith of Prophet Muhammad (pbuh).

Any text mentioned in those books may be found in this book by looking up a word which passes in those hadith collections.The words are arranged according to the threerootletter(thulathy mujarrad) system.One has to look the word up in that way.They are arranged according to the alphabetical order of the Arabic language.

The book has  some symbols at the bottom of each page which stand for the sources. This is the list of these symbols:

1.Bukhari (the letter kha') followed by the name of the book in the Sahih where hadith is mentioned, then the next number shows the bab where that particular hadith is mentioned. 2. Muslim (the letter mim), stands for the Sahih of Muslim,the name of the book in the Sahih in which hadith is mentioned,the number of hadith.

In the vol.I,pp.1-10 there is a list showing where the books and numbers of hadith given in the Concordance can be foundin the edition of Sahih Muslim (Cairo 1283), the number of  Juz' and pages are given.Thisis the edition made together with its Commentary by al-Nawawi. 

3. Abu Dawud ( Shown by the letter Dal),after the word the name of the book in the Sunan is given,then the number that follows refers to bab in which hadith is recorded with the word wanted in it.

4. Tirmizi's Jami` is symbolized with the letter ta ( the third letter after ba in the Arabic Alphabet).The name that follows designate the book in Sunan, then comes the number of bab in which hadith was mentioned.

5. Nasa'i is abbreviated by the letter Nun,followed by the name of the book in the source Sunan, then the bab number of hadith.

6. Ibn Majah is symbolized by the letters Jim connected to ha (the last letter of Allah ),followed by the name of thebook in the source,then the number of the bab in which hadith is mentioned.

7. Darimi is symbolized by the letters Dal connected to ya,followed by the name of the book in  his Musnad,then the number of the bab in which hadith is mentioend.

8.Malik's Muwatta' is symbolized with the letter of Ta ( the letter follows the dad in Arabic Alphabet).The following names show the title of the book in Muwatta',then comes the number of the bab.

For a list of the books and babs in Muwatta' and their abbrivated forms one may refer to Concordance,vol.I,p.13.

9. Musnad of Ahmad b. Hanbal is shown by the letter  ha ( the letter which follows Jim) connected to the letter Mim.This symbol is  used as ha connected to lam between the pages vol.I,1-23.The number follows is the the volume,then comes the number of page in which hadith is mentioned.

The Musnad based on in the Concordance,is the edition  made by Cairo by al-Mataba`at al-Maimaniyyah in the year of 1313 in six volumes.It has at the margin the of "Muntakhab Kanz al-`Ummal fi Sunan al-Aqwal" by al-Muttaqi al-Hind.

These symbols are repeated at the bottom of each page.In vol.I,pp.1-10,some detailed information is given regarding the Sahih of Muslim.One may also refer to vol.I,page XII for further notes.

Concordance follows thefollowing system in its inner systematics:

First it gives the three letters of the root,then gives the derived words in the following manner

a.Verbs (madi,mudari` and amr),ism al-Fa`il,ism al-Maf`ul ( first ma`lums of mujarrads,then majhuls of mujarrads,after that comes Mazidat).

b. Nouns: These are presented as follows:

ba) Marfu`at, bb) Majrurat, and bc) Mansubat.

c. Other derived words.

Concordance may be better if it is used with the next manual which gives the numbers of babs of hadith books.

I think the big defect of this Concordance is its reference to the numbers of babs in hadith books which is notpractical at all,since the babs in published hadith books are not numbered.

There is a list in  the first edition of Cocordance under the title "additions and corrections" in vol.I,p.10 and other places which the following symbols are used:
"a" means column a in the page, "b" stands for the second column in the page, "l" standas for line.

"a lire" means "... to be read and pronounced like this".

"a lieu de" means "instead of".

"a ajouter" means "it is to be added to".

"a inserter" means "to be inserted to". 

Concordance has prefaces and lists of collaborators and abbreviations at the two sides of the first volume, both in Arabic and French.

2. Muhammad Fu'ad Abd al-Baqi,Taysir al-Manfa`ah bi-Kitabay Miftah Kunuz al-Sunnah wa 'l-Mu`jam al-Mufahras li-Alfaz al-Hadith al-Nabawi,six books, Egypt 1935.

This book gives a list of numbers to denote the kitabs inner books) and babs of the  all six books (al-Kutub al-Sittah) and Muwatta'. Heput numbers for the hadiths mentioned in Sahih of Muslim and Muwatta'. Some editions of the books are taken into account.

This book is very useful when it is used together with the Concordance,given above.

3. Wensinck,A.J.,A Handbook of early muhammadan tradition. Alphabetically arranged (reprint),Leiden 1971.

This book is a Table of Contents prefared according to the subject matters of the Six Books (al-Kutub al-Sittah) with two more hadith books.

3. Translation of the book above into the Arabic language is "Miftah Kunuz al-Sunnah",translator is Muhammad Fu'ad `Abd al- Baqi, first edition,Egypt 1353/1934.One volume,aprox.550 pages.
This book gives the subject matters,in other words,key words denoting the subjects of the following fourteen books in alphabetical order.

There is a long introduction at the beginnig of the book in which he gives a lot of detail on the books it deals waih.

l) Bukhari,Sahih,Leiden 1862-168,1907-1908.

2) Muslim.Sahih,Bulaq 1290.

3) Abu Dawud,Sunan, Cairo 1280.

4) Tirmizi,Jami`,Bulaq 1292.

5) Nasa'i,Sunan,Cairo 1312.

6) Ibn Majah,Sunan,Cairo 1313.

7) Malik,Muwatta',Cairo 1297.

8) Darimi,Musnad,Dalhi 1337.

9) Tayalisi,Musnad,Haiddarabad 1321.

l0) Zaid b.`Ali,Majmu`,Milano 1919.

11) Ahmad b.Hanbal,Musnad,Cairo 1313.

12) Ibn Sa`d,Tbaqat,Leiden 1904-1908.

13) Ibn Hisham,Sirah,Goettingen 1859-1860.

14) al-Waqidi,al-Maghazi,Berlin 1882.

Miftah gives the open forms of the abbrevations used in it in addition to the lists of numbers of the chapters and babs and the numbers of their hadiths in the seven books out of the fourteen listed above.

4. al-Toqadi,Muhammad al-Sharif,Miftah Sahih al-Bukhari,Istanbul 1313.

5.--------,Miftah Sahih Muslim,Istanbul 1313.

One may add two more books which explain the words passed in Hadith text:
a) al-Nihayah fi Gharib al-Hadith by Ibn al-Athir.

b) al-Fa'iq fi Gharib al-Hadith by al-Zamahshari.

B bis) Fiqh Literature:

There are hundreds of Fiqh Literature sources.

Majmu` of Zaid b.Ali,published by Griffini (Milano 1919),al-Muwatta' by Malik,Imam Muhammad's books,al-Jami al-Saghir,al-Jami` al-kabir,al-Siyar al-Saghir,al-Siyar al-Kabir and others,Imam Abu Yusuf's Kitab al-Kharaj and his Radd to al-Awza`i's al-Siyar may be conted as firts early sourcesin Furu` al-Fiqh.

InUsulal-Fiqh field one has to refer as earliest source toal-Risalah of al-Shafi`i.Later on one needs to go `Abd al- Bukhari, al-Pazdawi,al-Ghazzali etc.

In the are of Furu' one has to mention al-Umm by al-Shafi`i,al-Mabsut by al-Srakhsi,al-Tuhfah by al-samarqandi,al-Bada'i` by al-Kasani,al-Multaqa by Ibrahim al-Halabi,Bidayat al-Mujtahid by Ibn Rushd, al-Mughni by Ibn Qudamah,Radd al-Mukhtar by Ibn `Abiodin etc.

There are hundreds of new literature in this area such as Mawsu`ah fi 'l-Fiqh al-Islami,Mawsau`a Jamal `Abd al-Nasir and others.

Fiqh academies meet and discuss modern issues at different periods.

There are a group of madern codes in Islamic Law such as Majallah of the Ottoman Empire,Qanun al-Ahwal al-Shahsiyyah in Egypt, The Code of Family Law ( Aila Kararnamesi ) of the Ottoman Empire.

Abd al-rahman al-Sanhuri Pasha's contribution into themodern Code Civils of Egypt and Syria are to be traced in these codes and are to be checked in terms of modern Islamic codification systems and their islamicity.

There are also hundreds of Fatwa books in  various languages such as al-Fatawa al-Hidiyya (al-Alamgiriyyah) by a committee in India, Fatawaof Abus'S-uud Efendi,Fatawa by Ali Efendi in the Ottoman Empire period.Some of them are not published yet.They are not fixed by the catalogues either. These are practical solutions of the problems that arose in the society of those days. It isverynecessary to refer to them from the point of Sociology of the Islamic Law.( See for the details in this field the author's book " Fiqh Islamic Law and Usul al-Fiqh". 


C) Encyclopaedias:

1. Turkce Islam Ansiklopedisi,vol.I-XII,Istanbul 1950-1989.

This a Turkish translation of the first edition of the Encyclopaedia of Islam,published in Leiden,with additions and corrections,especially when Turkish history is concerned.Articles are arranged alphabetically and the sources of each article are given separately at the end.

This is a very useful type of source,I think,the English reader and students out of Turkish world, better  considers to have acces to it.

Turk-Islam Ansiklopedisi: This is a non-complete volume of another Turkish Encyclopaedia of Islam which has been produced by the scholars of the late Ottoman Empire Period at the early years of the Republican Regime in Turkey.

2. Turkiye Diyanet Vakfi Islam Ansiklopedisi: This is a Turkish Encyclopeadia of Islam  recently started to be published part by part in Istanbul.

It has a big number of contributors who are  young Turkish scholars in the Islamic field. The articles, generally speaking, are very well dealt.

It will be a good idea not to leave this source out when we study a subject scholarly and in detail.

3. Enciclopaedia of Islam ( English, Frenchand  Gernan versions). These are four volume  books which were published in Leiden Hollad by Brill Publishers. It also has a supplement.

The new edition of it has already passed half the way down.It is very much a developed and expanded edition.It has only French and English editions.

I must add that the Urdu Encyclopaedia of Islam (in Urdu) is really a very important Encyclopaedia to benefit from.

It is a pity not to have a center where one may combine all of thoseencyclopaedias and produce a very authentic version of them and publish them.

4. Shorter Encyclopaedia of Islam,Leiden 1953.

This contains only the articles of the previous Encyclopaediaof Islam pertinent to the religion and Shari`a.

Its German edition is under the title of "Handwoerterbuch des Islams", Leiden 194l.

5. Hughes,Thomas Ptrick,A Dictionary of Islam,London 1885.

6. al-Khatib,Ahmad Shafiq,A new Dictionary of Scientific and Thechnical Terms (Mu`jam al-Mustalahat al-`Ilmiyyah wa 'l-Fanniyyah wa 'l-Handasiyyah),Beyrut 1971.

7. Sharif,Mohammad,An English-Arabic Dictionary of Medicine,biology and allied science,Cairo 1926.

8. Pareja,F.M. and others,Islamologie,Beyrut 1964.


D) History of Sciences (Social as well as scientific):

It is unfortunate that the muslims of today do not care about the history of the sciences. Generally Muslim scientists, engineers, physicist,physicians etc. are so involved in modern researches and studies in their field that they do not have time or desire to know about the contribution made by their ancestorsto science. The following literature may help the ones who want to do some thing about this problem.

1. Kharizmi,Abu `Abd Allah,K.Mafatih al-`Ulum,Leiden 1895;Cairo 1342.

2. Haji Khalifa,Katib Chalabi,Kashf al-Zunun `an Asami 'l-Kutub wa l-Funun,vol.I-II,Istanbul 1941-1942.The famous turkish scholar Kilisli Muallim Rifat took care of the text under the mastership of Ismail Saib Efendi.

The book  has an introduction on the sciences.After that the books are arranged by their titles according to the alphabet.It gives the authors of those books,their commentaries,  glossaries and their contents.

It has a european edition.In western sources the last edition is generally referred to.Its identity is like this:

Lexicon Bibliograficum et Encyclopaedicum,editor: Guestav Fluegel,vol.I-VI,London 1835.

Each page,in this edition,has latin translation in its second half.There is a list of books which are in the hands of the people in Maghreb between the pages 647-664 of the vol.VI. Between the pages of 665-679 of the same volume a list of the books of Jalal al-Din al-Suyuti is given.

The vol.VII/1 (London 1857) contains catalogues of thebooksin some of the libraies of Cairo,Damascus,Halab,Rodos and Istanbul.

The last part of the Lexicon,VII/2 (London 1857) contains the notes related to the volumes between pp.549-946 and translations of the notes between the pp.947-1000.There is an index of the authors mentioned in the book between the pp.1001-1257.The names of authors are transcribed into latin characters while recorded in the index.

One may refer to this manual to find out the authors of the books,that is when title of a book is known,but who wrote it is not. This book may be helpful in this regard.

3. Ibn al-Nadim,al-Fihrist,Leipzig 1872 and Egypt 1348.It has many other editions.

It has been translated into Persian.

A very important book on literature and cultural issues which has been composed on the subject of the literature of the early Islamic centuries.Its content is really fantastic.

4. Isma`il Basha b. Muhammad Amin,Izah al-Maknun fi 'l-Zail `ala Kashf al-Zunun `an Asami 'l-Kutub wa 'l-Funun,vol.I-II,Istanbul 1945-1947.

This is a supplementing and completing book of the previous book by Haji Khalifah.

5. Kornrumf,Hans-jurgen,Osmanische Bibliographie mit besonderer Berucksichtigung der Turkei in Europa,Leiden 1973.

6. Muhammad `Ala' al-Faruqi al-Tahanawi,Kashf (or Kashshaf) Istilahat al-Funun,edited by Lutfi `Abd al-Badi`,Egypt 1963.

It has a very good introduction of the sciences at the  beginning (pp.1-76).

The book has a system of bab al-fa' and fasl al-lam of the root three letters and arranges the words alphabetically and give the terminological meanings of the words.

7. Sarton,G.,Introduction to the Histiory of Science,vol.I-III, Washington 1927-1947.

Very useful manual in the history of science.

8. Sayyid al-Sharif al-Jurjani,Ta`rifat.

9. Tashkobri-zadah,Ahmad b.Mustafa,Miftah al-Sa`adah,vol.I-III,Haiderabad 1328-1356.

The book  gives  the subjects of the sciences,history of science,the authors who have written in those field and their books.

The son of the author  translated the above book into Turkish under the title " Terjume-i Mewzu`at al-`Ulim".That is also published.


E) The Literature  which shows the references to articles:

Thereare enormousamountof periodicals inIslamic and related fields. Anditis really a very difficult task to follow the articles published in those periodicals and not to miss them. The following literature may be of service in this regard.

1. Pearson,J.D.,Index Islamicus, and its going on supplemants.

This book takes the job of giving articles in Islamic fields beginning 1906upto today. It givesthearticles in western languages.It classifies them and then mentions  as the following: The author,the title of the article, the periodical (review, magazine etc.) it was published, date and number and pages in the periodical. The articles are arranged according to the subject materials.

It has  a fairly good table of contents of the Islamic subjects, which may be very much useful for the systematics of the Islamic sciences.

It has two main parts, each five years will a supplement be published and generally this was the situation.

It follows articles published in all Europe and in other parts of the world.

Each volume and part has an index according to the authors.

The list of sources are given at the beginning of the book:

a) list of the periodivals,b) Festschrifts  (Melange, dedication books), c ) Minutes of orientalist congresses and  conferences and d) the other books. Then it has a list of abbreviations which are mentioned in the book nearly in each line.

2. Turkiye Makaleler Bibliyografyasi:

All articles published in Turkey are given there.The subject number of Islam according to dewy system is 297.

There are in each country  bibbliografic books like this one.

3. Eski harfli Turkce yayinlar toplu katalogu,Ankara 1963.

A very important catalogue showing the periodicals written in Ottoman Turkish (in Arabic Script).


F) Bio-Bibliographic Books:

(The books in this chapter are classified according to the 
authors alphabetically.The cross references are also given from 

the titles of the books to the the authors).For the contemporary scholars one may check "Who's who" literatures of that country or "The middle east north africa" and the literaturesof that nature."Year books" and "tabaqat" books are also important sources.
   
`Abd al-Hayy  b.`Imad al-Hanbali,see Ibn `Imad.                                                                            

Ahmad Ramzi,see Bursali Mehmed Tahir.

al-A`lam,see Zirikli.

al-`Asqallani,see Ibn Hajar.

1. al-Azdi,Abu Muhammad `Abd al-Ghani,al-Mu'talif wa 'l-Mukhtalif 

fi Asma' Naqalat al-Hadith,Allahabad 1327.

This book gives the nisbahs ( place and profession,or tribe etc 

which becomes the title-adjective of a person,related to a 

specific place,profession or thing etc) and then the authors who

have same nisbahs.

2. Brockelmann,Carl (1868-1956),Gescichte der arabischen 

Literatur (GAL), vol.I-III,eiden 1943-1949; Supplementband 

(S),vol.I-III,Leiden 1937-1942.

This a very important manual in our area;no scholarly researches intervowen with the allied subjects on which many others in various centuries can be executed without benefiting from this or the book which are very few of that calibre.

This book gives, beginning from early Arabic literature up to the half of the twentieth century, the lives of allauthors who have written any thing in Arabic and their books here. The lists of the books are given with the place and dates of the prints. The manuscripts are mentioned with their  libraries which they are kept in together with regisration numbers.

The commentaries written on the books are also given  with  their  authors.The authors are arranged chronologically in their topics.

Supplementbands are the completing part of the subjects in GAL.The sign "Zu S.(=Zu Seite)"  which is  placed at the top of the pages and also the inside pages signifies the numbers of the pages of the GAL which have been put at the  margins of the pages. These numbers are page numbers of the first edition of GAL. They have been put in the margins in the next edition.

There is an index in the Supplementband III,pp.501-1190 which is divided into three parts:

a) Index of authors,pp.503-788.

b) Index of the titles of the books,pp.789-1166.

c) Index of the western editors,pp.1167-1190.

The sign G in this indice (index) means GAL and the sign S means  Supplementband.  The roman numbers after coming after G in indice signifies the volume,the next number gives the the number of the pages in the margins of GAL ( the page numbers of the first edition).But S,signifies Supplementband,the folowing numbers shown the volume and the next numbers mean page numbers ( numbers at the top of the pages). 

The abbreviationsof the sources and catalogues used very frequently in the book are opened and arranged according to alphabetical order in the GAL,vol.I.pp.3-5,Suppl.vol.I,pp.4-11 and pp.11-13.

Some of the abbreviations are as follows:
(See Suppl.vol.I,p.XVII; For further abbreviations see:Annex).

A.   =  Ahmad

`A.  =  `Ali

`Al. = `Abdullah

`Aq. = `Abdalqadir

`Ar  = `Abdurrahman

H.   = Hasan

Hu.  = Husain

M.   = Muhammad

`O.  = `Omar

S.   = Sulaiman

Yu.  = Yusuf

K.   = Kitab

R.   = Risalah.

Some of the abbreviations pass in the text are:

cmt.  =  commntaire    =  Commentary.

gebr. =  geboren       =  born.

gedr. =  gedruckt.     =  printed.

gest. =  gestorben     =  died.

K.    =  Cairo         =  The book is printed in Cairo.

s.    =  siehe         =  see.

S.    =  Seite         =  page

st.   =  starb         =  died

For a little detailed list  of abbreviations onemay refer to Annex.The purpose of this annex and the lines written here is to enable a student who is to benefit from this excellent source to get whatever heisin need of  by direct approach.No Islamic researcher may feel himself outside the realm of this type of literature.

Some part of this book was translated previously into Arabic under the  title of "Tarikh al-Adab al-`Arab,juz I,translator: `Abd al-Najjar,Egypt,no date,Dar al-Ma`arif. The abbreviations are explained a little between the pages 319-320. The book did not continue.

The book of F.Sezgin,GAS,which will be dealt  with a little later,is much more developed and complete in the same field with the same method.

3. Bursali Mehmed Tahir (1278-1343/1861-1924),Osmanli Muellifleri,vol.I-III,Istanbul 1333-1342.New edition: vol.I,Istanbul no date,II,Istanbul 1972,III,Istanbul 1975.

It gives the biographies and the books of the authors since the beginning of the Ottoman Empire upto the year of 1342 Hegira.

Ahmed Remzi has prepared and published a Table of Contents under the title of "Miftahu 'l-Kutubi wa Asami-i Muallifin Fihristi", Istanbul 1346/1928. The books are dealt with between the pp. 8-131, and the authors are 132-159.

It also hasan idex of the authors who were mentioned in the margins or at random (pp.162-169).

This manual is very useful.

al-Durar al-Kaminah,see Ibn Hajar

GAL,see Brockelmann and also see Annex.

GAS,see Sezgin,F.

4. Graf,Georg,Gescichte der chrislichen arabischen Literatur,vol.1-4,Vatican 1944-1951. The volume 5 ( Vatican 1953) is an index.
al-hamawi,Yaqut,see Yaqut.

al-Hanbali, `Abd al-Hayyy,see Ibn `Imad.

Hadiyyat al-`Arifin,see Ismai`il Basha.

5. Ibn `Abd al-Barr (368-463/979-1071),al-Isti`ab fi Ma`rifat al-Ashab,vol.1-2,Haiderabad-Deccan 1318.

There is a long Table of Contents at the end of the second volume.

6. Ibn al-Athir,`Ali b.Muhammad (555-630/1160-1233),al-Lubab fi Tahzib al-Ansab,Juz 1-3,Cairo 1357-1369 (1938).

This book  gives isbahs and mentions under the same heading the authors who wrote any book.

7. Ibn al-Athir,`Ali b.Muhammad,Usd al-Ghabah fi Ma`rifat al-Sahabah,Cairo 1285-1287.

8. Ibn Hajar A.b.`Ali al-`Asqallani (773-852/1372-1449).He has three books on this subject:

a) al-Durar al-Kaminah fi a`yan al-mi'at al-thaminah,vol.1-4,Haiderabad 1348-1350.

b) al-Isabah fi Tamyiz al-Sahabah,Cairo 1856.

c) Tahzib al-Tahzib,1-12,Haiderabad 1325-1327.

The book is arranged alphabetically according to thepersonal names.

9. Ibn `Imad,`Abd al-Hayy b.Ahmad al-Hanbali (802-879/1399-1477),Shazarat al-Zahab fi Akhbar man Zahab,vol.1-8,Cairo 1350.

10. Ibn Khallikan,.Ahmad b. Muhammad b.Ibrahim (608-681/1211-
1282),Wafayat al-A`yan (Tahqiq Muhammad Muhyi al-Din),vol.I-VI,Cairo 1948.

There is a list of the names  of people  mentioned at the end of each volume.It has been translated into English.

There is a general index at the end of the vol.VI.
It is a European edition and runs like this:

Ibn Challikani,fascicles 1-12,edited by F.Wustenfield,Goettingae 1835-1843.

There is almost at the beginning of each fascicle a preface running a few pages in latin.The additions and different variations are printed in the pp. 1-136 and 1-140  in the forms of two fascicles (Goettingae 1837).

There is one and a half page preface in Latin at the beginning of the vol.I.

Vol.XIII (Goettingae 1850) which has been prepared by F.Wustenfeld and the last fascicle contains, after apreface,an index of persons (pp.1-70)  together with another index (pp.71-97) which has the sources of the Wafayat.

al-Kutbi Muhammad b. Shakir has written a supplementary book to this manual under the title "Fawat al-Wafayat" (Tahqiq Muhammad Muhyi al-Din),vol.1-2,Cairo 1951.Each volume has its own table of contents at the end.

ll. Ibn Qutlobugha',Qasim (802-879/1399-1477),Taj al-Tarajim fi Tabaqat al-Hanafiyyah,Baghdad 1962.It was published previously in Leipzig by Fluegel.

It gives the biographies of hanefite  jurists.There is an index at the end of the Baghdad edition.

12.Ibn Sa`d,Muhammad (168-230/784-845),Tabaqatal-Kubra,vol.1-9, edited by E.Sachau,Leiden 1322-1339.

The vol.9, has Table of Contents and it is very useful in looking up any person mentioned in the book.

Irshad al-Arib ila Ma`rifat al-Adib,see Yaqut.
al-Isabah,see Ibn Hajar.

13. Isma`il Basha al-Baghdadi (d.1339/1920),Hadiyyat al-`Arifin,Asma` al-Mu'allifin wa Athar al-Mu'allifin,vol.I-II (Istanbul 1951-1955).

The authors and the books are given.There is a list of names at the end of each volume.

al-Jawahir al-Mudi'ah,see al-Qurashi.

14. Kahhalah,`Umar Rida, Mu`jam al-Mu'allifin,Tarajim Musannifi 'l-Kutub al-`Arabiyyah,vol.1-15,Damascus 1957-1961.The author was alive,when the book was printed.

The book,beginning from the earliest centuries came down to the last days giving the short biographies of the authors who have written any book in Arabic.He gives the books of the authors, first manuscripts,then printed books. After that he follows the sources for his life.

He gives some of the sources in abbreviation: 

    = Makhtutah,manuscript.          =  Jara'id,Newspapers.

    = Matbu`ah,printed.              =  Sanah,year.

    = Majallah,collection.           =  `Adad.

The main volumesof them are 1-13. Volumes of 14 and 15 are indice of the personal names.The most famous of the titles,nisbahs,nicnames or kunyahs of the authors may be looked up from this two volumes.It gives across the names,the number of volume, and page in which the related writers' biographies are dealt with.

It is a very much useful and first hand manual in the Islamic Studies.

15. Mehmed Sureyya Bey (d.1908),Sijill-i Osmani,Vol.1-4,Istanbul 1306-1311.

Miftahu 'l-Kutub,see Bursali,M.T.

Ma`jam al-Matbu`at,see Sarkis.

Mu'jam al-Mu'allifin,see Kahhalah.

Nazm al-Iqan,see al-Suyuti.

16. al-Nawawi,Abu Zakariyya Muhyi al-Din Yahya b. Shraf (631-677/1233-1278),Tahzib al-Asma' wa l-Lughat,Qism I (Juz' 1-2),II (juz' 1-2),Egypt,no date ( Idarat al-Tiba`ah al-Muniriyyah).

Osmanli Muellifleri,see Bursali,M.T.

Omer Rida Kahhalah,see Kahhalah.

Qamus al-A`lam,see Shams al-Din Sami.

Qasim b.Qutlubugha,see Ibn Qutlubugha.

17. al-Qurashi,`Abd al-Qadir b.Muhammad (696-775/1297-1373),al-   
Jawahir al-Mudi'ah fi Tabaqat al-Hanafiyyah,vol.I-II,Haiderabad 1332.

18. Sarkis,Yusuf,Ilyan,Mau`jam al-Matbu`at al-Arabiyyah wa 'l-Mu`arrabah,Vol.1-2,Egypt 1928-1931.

This book contains the printed books by their titles and the authors since the advent printhouse to  Arabic countries upto the year of 1339/1919.

Its systematics is like this: It mentions the authors by their famous names, nicknames or first names in alphabetical order, then gives a short bibliography,then the names of the books written by him with  place and date of publication.It does not include the the stone pressed books.

The second volume has at the end a list of the books mentioned in the book.
19. Sauvaget,J.,Introdution a l'Histoire de l'Orient musulman,element de bibliographie,Paris 1946 (?)

20.Sezgin,Fuat,Geschichte des arabischen Schriftums,vol.1-8, Leiden 1967-1989 (continuing).Its short form is GAS. 

The system of this book is almost like GAL by Brockelmann.The volumespublished upto now,contain the authors and their books from the beginning until the year of 430 hijri.

The transcriptionsystem and the abbreviations are explained in vol.I,p.XV.

The abbreviationsof the catalogues are listed alphabetically between the pp.706-710 of the vol.I,the catalogues themselves are given between the pages of 711-769.There is an additional list of the catalogues in vol.III,pp.391-410.The sources and their abbreviations are given in 679-705.

There are general bibliographic books between the pp.770-772.

It has three diffrent types of catalogues:

a) Authors, pp.775-854.

b) Books, pp.855-922.

c) Editors,pp.923-932.

GAS,mentions all information contained in GAL and S of Brockelmann.Then it completeswith new information,giving the folios and dates of manuscripts under a symbol,then he finishes with a finishing symbol.

The introductory notes given in each chapter are really useful to the researcher.

The first part of this book has been translated into  Arabic under  the title of "Tarikh al-Turath al-Arabi".The translator is Fahmi Abu 'l-Fadl. The one who compared the text with the original is Mahmud Fahmi Hijazi.Vol.I,Part 1,Cairo 1971.It is 568 pages after the  translator's note.

The catalogues of the libraries and manuscripts and general manuals  which are  at the end in the original text,are taken to the beginning of the translation.

The accuracy of translation is to be checked,I believe.

21. Sha`rani,Tabaqat al-Kubra,Cairo,no date.

22. Shams al-Din Sami (1850-1904),Qamus al-A`lam,vol.I-IV,Istanbul 1306-1316.

Shazarat al-Zahab,see Ibn `Imad.

Sijill-i Osmani.see Mehmed Sureyya.

23. al-Subki,Taj al-Din `Abd al-Rahman (727-771/1327-1370),Tabaqat al-Shafi`iyyah al-Kubra,vol.I-V,Egypt,no date.

24. al-Suyuti,Jala al-Din `Abd al-Rahman (849-911/1445-1505),Nuzum al-iqan fi A`yan al-A`yan,edited by F.Hitti,New York 1927.

Tabaqat al-Kubra,see Ibn Sa`d also Sh`rani.

Tabaqat al-Shafi`yyah,see al-Subki.

Taj al-Tarajim,see Ibn Qutlibugha.

Tazkirat al-Huffaz,see al-Zhabi.

Usd al-Ghabah,see Ibn al-Athir.

Wafayat al`A`yan,see Ibn Khallikan.

25. Yaqut al-Hamawi (374-626/1178-1229),Irshad al-Arib ila Ma`rifat al-Adib,vol.I-VII (Edited by Margoliouth),London-Cairo 1923-1927.

26. al-Zahabi,Abu `Abd Allah Shms al-Din Muhammad b. Ahmad (673-748/1274-1348),Tazkirat al-Huffaz,vol.I-IV and its Zail,Beyrut 1956-1958.

27. al-Zirikli,Khair al-Din,al-A`lam,Qamus Tarajim li-Ashhar ar-Rijal wa 'l-nisa'i min al-`Arab wa 'l-Musta`rabina wa 'l-Mustashriqin,vol.I-X,second edition,No place ,1954-1959.Third edition:1969.

It has two  supplements (Mustadraks).It is a book published during the life of the author.

The book mentions the famous people in the history without differenciating any one of them. It gives the picture of some of them. The names are arranged according to alphabetical order. The words "ab,ibn,bint" are taken into consideration (see vol.I,p.14). The vol.10 is mustadrak.


G) The Geographical Dictinaries and Genealogical Works:

1. al-Bakri,Abu `Ubayd `Abd Allah (432-478/1040-1094),Mu`jam Ma'sta`jam min Asma' al-Bilad wa 'l-Mawadi`,vol.I-IV,Cairo 1945-1951.

2. al-Balazuri,Ahmad b.Yahya (d.279/892),Ansab al-Ashraf.

3. Farihah,Anis, Sma' al-Mudub wa 'l-Qura,Beyrut 1956.

4. Ibn al-Kalbi,Hisham b. Muhammad (d.204/819),Jamharat al-Nasab

(= Das genealogische Werk),edited Werner Caskel,vol.I-II,Leiden 1966.

5. Le strange,The Lands of the Eastern Caliphate,Lodon.

A very useful sourse especially in the areas the book is related to.

6. al-Sam`ani,`Abd al-Karim (506-562/1113-1166),al-Ansab (edited in the serie of Gibb Memorial),London 1312.

7. al-`Umari,Abu 'l-`Abbas Ahmad (d.749/1349),Masalik al-Absar fi Mamalik al-Amsar.

Very good geographical work.

8. Yaqut al-Hamawi,Abu `Abd Allah b. `Abd Allah al-Rumi al-Baghdadi (574-626/1178-1229),Mu`jam al-Buldan,vol.I-V,Beyrut 1955-1957.

This book arranges alphabetically geographical places and words with vowels (harakahs).It gives the specifications of the place,locations first,then ir gives the names and works of the scholars who were  born and raised there in that locality.

To fix the place names in Islamic Literature and their pronunciation one needs to refer to this source.

It has a European edition: Mu`jam al-Buldan (Jaqut's geographisches woerterbuch aus den Handschriften zu Berlin, S.Petersburg und Paris), edited by Ferdinand Wuestenfeld, vol. I-IV, Leipzig 1866-1869.

There is a foreword in German in vol.I,p.12.Vol.V (Leipzig 1873). It is confined to the notes of all volumes. The following indices are given in the vol.VI (Leipzig 1870-1871):

a.Geographic names,pp.1-236,

b. Names of tribes,pp.237-262,

c. Pesonal names,pp.265-781.(There is an VIII pages foreword at the top of this section).       
O.Rescher,made a Sachindex (Stutgart 1928) between the pp. 2-92 of this edition of Mu'jam al-Buldan.The index of the books mentioned in the book is given in the pp.93-108.

9. De Zambauer,EE.Manuel de Genealogie et de chronologie pour l'Histoire,Hannover 1927 (= Mu`jam al-Ansab wa 'l-Usrat fi 'l-Tarikh al-Islami), 'Akhrajahu Zaki Muhammad Hasan Bak and Hasan Ahmad,juz' I-II,Cairo 1951-1952.

This a very useful manual for the tables of chronological orders of the caliphs, governors and amirs who served in Islamic History.


H) Tables of Calendars:

1. Cattenoz,H.G.,Tables de concordance des eras chretienne et hegierenne,Rabat 1954.

2. Haig,Wolseley, Comparativetables of Mohammad and Christian dates, London 1952.

3. Unat,Faik Resit,Hijri Tarihleri Miladi Tarihe Cevirme Kilavuzu, Ankara 1959,1974.

4. Wuestenfeld,Mahler'sche Vergleichungs Tabellen zur muslimischen und uranischen Zeitrechnungorient-christlicher Aeren,unter mitarbeitet von Joachuf Mayr,neu bearbeitet von Bertold Spuler,Wiesbaden 1961.

The contents of this book is as follows:

a. Islamic and Christian dates,pp.1-31,

b. Turkish Financial calendar,pp.33-36,

c. Iranian Calendar,pp.37-40,

d. Other calendars used in the East (like Byzantine,copt,abyssinian etc.),pp.41-48.

e. Bibliography. 
 

I) General History and Islamic Civilization Books:

l. Caetani,Leone (1869-1935),Annali de l'Islam,vol.I-X (Milano,1905-1920).

Its Turkish translation is:Islam Tarihi,Translator Huseyin Cahit,vol.I-X,Istanbul 1924-1927.

Its criticism made by M.Asim Koksal in his Kaytano'ya Reddiye (Ankara).

2. Hasan Ibrahim Hasan,Tarikh al-Islam,vol.I-iV,Cairo l964-1967.

3.Ibn al-Athir,`Izz al-Din,al-Kamil fi 'l-Tarikh,

This book is a recording of the historical events chronologically year by year upto the year of 628 hijri.Any one died is mentioned under that year (Wafayat). 

Another edition of the book: al-Kamil,edited by Carolus Johannes Tornberg,vol.I-XXII,Leiden 1868-1878.Vol. XXIII-XIV (Leiden 1874-1876) has an index of 851 pages.

There are 73 pages of corrections and addendums at the beginning of this volume.

4. Ibn Kathir,Isma`il Abu 'l-Fida,

a. al-Badaya wa 'l-Nihayah.

This book is a records of  the  historical events and death of the renown people  upto the end of the year 760/1337.

b. Kitab  al-Mikhtasar fi `Akhbar al-Bashar.

5. Ibn Miskawayh,Tajarib al-Umam,edited by Amedroz,vol.I-III,Cairo (Oxford) 1332-1334/1919-1921.

6. al-Kattani,Abd al-Hayy,al-Taratib al-Idariyyah,vol.I-II,Morocco.

A very god book of Islamic institutes and culture.

6. Mas`udi,`Ali,Muruj al-Zahab wa Mawadi` al-Jawahir.

7. al-Qifti,Abu 'l-Hasan `Ali,Tarikh al-Hukama,edited by Julius Lippert,Leipzig 1320/1903.

It is 444 pages long. There is an index between the pp.445-496. It has a foreword of 21 pages with addendums in German.
8. al-Tabari,Muhammad b.Jarir,Tarikh al-Umam waq 'l-Muluk.

It contains the events upto the year of 302 hijri.The books  many supplements (zails).

The Eorppean edition of the book is: Annales,edited by M.J.De Goeje;it has been published in three series and in XIII volumes (Leiden 1879-1890).

This edition has a very detailed index ,more than 800 pages,of

a. Persons and names of tribes, pp.1-655,

b. Local and nations' names,pp.656-798;
 
c. Phrases and proverbs,pp.799-807.

It was also prepared by De Goeje (Leiden 1901). De Goeje  wrote more than 800 pages consisting of an introductory in Latin, made a vocabulary, corrections and addendums (all in Latin) and published it in Leiden 1901.

Another book related to  the Tabari's work is better to be mentioned here: `Arib b.Sa`d al-Qurtubi,Silat,Tarikh al-Tabari (Tabari Continuanus),edited by M.J.De Goeje,Leiden 1897.

This last book is confined to events of the years 291-320 hijri.It has XXVII pages of introduction and vocabulary,written in Latin. There is an index between the pp.187-213.


J) Atlases:

1. Atlas of the Arab world and middle east,Djambatan 1960.

2. al Faruqui,Isma'il R. and Lois Lamya,The Cultural Atlas of Islam,New York 1985 (Macmillan Publishing Company).

3. Hazard,Harry W.,Atlas of Islamic History,Princeton 1954.

It has explanations at the back of maps and charts.

It also has a table of conversion hijri dates to the Christian A.D. ones between the pp.44-45 (The table contains dates upto 1975). It also has an index betwen the pp.46-49.

4. Historical Atlas of the Muslim peoples,Djakbatan,Amsterdam 1957.


K) Dictionaries:

1. Belot,Vocabulaire Arab-Francais (=al-Fara'id al-Durriyyah),Beyrut 1899.

2. Dozy,R.,Supplement aux Dictionaires Arabes,vol-I-II,Leiden 1927.

A very good source for the rare words and the words of the western origin.Its main target is to contain the words whic are not included in other dictionaries.

3. al-Firuzabadi,Majd al-Din,al-Qamus al-Muhit.vol.I-IV,Egypt 1933.

It has harakahs and is edited with the textual criticism. It has a verypeculiarsystem of arranging the words.In order to look a word up one has to follow the way explained below:

a.First the root of three letters has to be found by eliminating ziyadahs and making them mujrrad from any additions.

b. It is necassry to take into consideration the original forms of sick letters (waw,ya and alif). No i`lal is to be made.

c. The last letter of the root has to be taken as bab (taht is lam al-fi`l),then the first letter is to be taken as Fasl ( fa'u 'l-fi`l).The middle letter (that is ayn al-fi`l) is not to be considered in this stage.But it is to be looked for in the text of the words arranged in the way it is mentioned.
So one needs to find the root first,then fix the the last letter as bab,the first as fasl,then locate from the table of contents the pages of that fasl in the bab.Then the middle letter is to be sought under the heading of those group of words.

All of the added (al-mazidat) and derived (al-Mushtaqqat) verbs are recorded under this heading.

4. al-Firuzabadi,Majd al-Din,al-Uqyanus al-Muhit fi Tarjamat al-Qamus al-Muhit,Turkish translation of the dictionary mentioned above,translated by Asim Efendi.

It has the same system as its origin.

5. Hava,S.J.,Arabic-English Dictionary (al-Fara'id al-Durriyyah),Beyrut 1964.

The root words are alphabetically arranged.

6. Ibn al-Athir,Majd al-Din Abu 'l-Sa`adah al-Mubarak b.Muhammad al-Jazari,al-Nihayah fi Gharib al-Hadith,vol.I-IV,Egypt 1311.

It is a dictionary of the words that pass in Hadith texts. The words are arranged alphabetically in their root words. The mazidat and derived words are all recorded under that heading.

7. Ibn Manzur,Muhammad b.Mikarram,Lisan al-Srab,vol.I-XV,Beyrut 1955-1956.

Its system is like al-Firuzabadi's al-Qamus al-Muhit (see above). Only difference is here the word "harf" is used isntead of "bab" in al-Qamus.

This has a three volume edition in which the words are alphabetically arranged.

8. Ibrahim Mustafa and others,al-Mu'jam al-Wasit,vol.I-II.Egypt 1960-1961.  
The words are alphabetically arranged in their root letters.

9. Kazimirski,A de B..Dictionaire Arabe-Francais, vol.I-IV, Cairo 1875.

10. Lane,E.W.,Madd al-Qamus (An Arabic-English Lexicon),USA 1955-1956.

The words are alphabetically arranged in their root letters. It gives shawahid (the sentences from Arabic literature showing the meaning of the word in the text). It is the greatest dictionary, to the best of my knowledge, written in English.

11. Luvis,Ma`luf,al-Munjid fi 'l-Lughah.

It has many editions.

12. Muhammad Isma`il Ibrahim,Mu`jam al-Alfaz wa Ta`alim al-Qur'aniyyah,Cairo 1968.

It contains the words that pass in the Qur'an.It shows how many times they are mentioned in the Qur'an with their places and what their meanings are.

The instructions related to the usage of the book is given in the pages of 11-12 and some notes on how to find the roots of some words in the pp.14-24.

13. Spiro,Socrates,An Arabic-English Vocabulary ofcolloquial Arabic of Egypt  containing the vernacular idioms and expressions,slang phrases etc used by the native Egyptians,Cairo-London 1895.

14. The Same author,An English-Arabic vocabulary of the modern and colloqual Arabic of Egypt,Cairo-London 1897.

15. Steingass,F.,A Comprehensive Persian-English Dictionary,London 1957.

This dictionary is a very good dictionarythat givsthe pronunciation of the words.

16. al-Shartuni,Sa`id al-Khuri,Aqrab al-Mawarid fi Fusah al-Arabiyyah wa 'l-shwarid,vol.I-II,Beyrut 1889.

17. Tutel,Fardinan,al-Munjid fi 'l-Adab wa 'l-`Ulum.

It has many editions.It is a dictionary of words related to the litarature,history and geography.

18. Wehr,Hans,Arabisches Woerterbuch fur Scriftsprache des Gegenwart,Wiesbaden 1952.

Its English version is : A Dictionary of modern written Arabic,edited by J.Milton Cowan,New York 1976.

A good dictionary,especially regarding the modern usage of words. 

19. al-Zabidi,Muhammad Mutada al-Husaini,Taj al-`Arus min Jawahir al-Qamus,vol.I-X,Egypt 1306.

It is a commentary on al-Qamus al-Muhit by al-Firuzabadi.The system is the same as is in the al-Qamus.

It is being published in Kuwait.

20. al-Zamahshari,Jar Allah Mahmud b. `Umar,al-Fa'iq fi Gharib al-Hadith,edited by al-Bajawi wa Abu 'l-Fadl),vol.I-II,Cairo 1945-1948.

This book explains the rare words mentioned in Hadith. Thewords are arranged alphabetically according to the original root of letters.

There is a very useful list of contents at end of this edition.


L) Measures and Weights:

1. al-Bayyadi al-Amili,Ibrahim Sulaiman,al-Awzan wa 'l-Maqadir,Beyrut 1962.

2. Hinz,Walter,Islamische Masse und Gewichte,umgerechnet ins metrische System,Leiden 1955.


M) Catalogues:

1. Bibliography de la France, Journal general de l'imprimerie et de la Librarie,Bowker Company,Books in print.

This book is published each year.

2. British Museum Subject Index.It is published from time to time.It gives the books according to their subjects.

3. British Museum general catalogue of printed books to the year..

This is a very voluminous book which  givs the books in the alphabetical order of their authors. It has many supplements published with various spans of time.

4. British National Bibliography.The books here arearranged according to Dewy System.

5. Dictionary Catalogue of the oriental collection,The New York Public Library reference department,vol.I-XVI,Boston 1960.

6. Ellis,A.G.,Catalogue of Arabic Books in the British Museum,vol.I-III,Lodon 1894-1901,1935.

There are supplements and idices to this book made by Fulton.

7. The English Catalogue books (books issued in U.K.).

This is a book which contains the printed books published in England since 1700 A.D. It has been published many times following the year of 1811. 

8. Fu'ad Sayyid,Fhrist al-Makhtutat al-Musawwarah,vol.I-II,Cairo 1954-1956.

This is a catalogue of the microfilms and includes copies of the more  than 9.000 manuscripts which are collected from all over the world and kept in Ma`had Ihya' al-Makhtutat al-Arabiyyah (Cairo).

The books are arranged according to the subjects and titles under the subject heading.

10. HarvardUniversity Library,catalogue of Arabic, Persian and Ottoman Turkish books, vol.I-V, USA 1968.

The vol.I-IV are arranged according to the  authors and the tittles, but the vol V is arranged according to the subject matters.

11. Leypoldt,F.,The American catalogue.

This is a book which gives the books published since 1880.They are arranged according to the authors and the titles.

12. Milli Kutuphane'de Arap harfli Turkce Kitaplarin Muvakkat Katalogu,vol.I-II,Ankara 1964.

This is a catalogue of the books which have been published in Arabic script and are kept in the National Library of Turkey.

13. Lorenz,Otto,catalogue general de la Librarie Francaise,vol.1-34,Paris 1867-1945.

14. School of Oriental and African Studies,University of London.Library catalogue,vol.1-8.Boston 1963.

These volumes are arranged according to the authors.

The volumes of 9-13 have the titles ,the volumes of 14-31 have been arranged according to the subject matter.

It has some editions made in Boston 1968.

15. Schwarz,Klaus,Verzeichnis deutsprachiger Hochschulschriften zun islamischen Orient (1885-1970),Freiburg im Breisgau 1971.

This is a catalogue of theses pertaining to orientalism made in Germany,Austria and Switzerland. 
16. Stewart,James D., British Union. Catalogue of  periodicals, a record of periodicals of the world since seventeenth century,vol.I-IV,London 1955-1958.

The book has supplements.

17. Sesen(Sheshen),Ramazan, Nawadiral-Makhtutat al-Arabiyyah fi Maktabat Turkiya,Beyrut 1975.

18. Thompson,Nina R.,Cumulative Book Index.A world list of books in the English language.It is published since 1928 in New York.

It gives the books in English in all over the world.

19. Turkiye Makaleler Bibliyografyasi.Istanbul 1948.

It gives a list of books published in Turkish since 1928. (Continuing).

20. Union Catalogue of Asian publication 1965-1970,edited by David E.Hall,vol.1-4,London 1971.

This is  a catalogue of the books published in Asian languages,  other than Soviet Unions,the books published in alphabets other than Latin alphabet, the books published in North and East North African languages and are collected in the libraries of U.K. 

which have been acquired during the years 1965-1970. They are approximately 70 in number.

21. The United States Catalogue,Books in Print January 1,1928,vol.1-4,New York 1928.

There are many other catalogues like this.

22. Whitaker's Cumulative Book List.

This is a publication which gives the books printed in U.K. and arranges them according to the authors and the subjects.

It is a continuing publication.

N) Persian Language and Literature:
               a) Catalogues of Persian manuscripts and books:

1. Rieu,Charles, catalogue of the Persian manuscripts in the British Museum,London 1881.

2. The Same author,Supplement to the catalogue of the Persian manuscripts in the British Museum,London 1895.

3. Ivanow, Wladmir,Concise Descriptive catalogue of the Persian Manuscrits in the collection of the Asiatic Society of Bengal,Calcutta 1924.

4. Catalogue of the Persian, Turkish, Hindustani and Pushtu Manuscripts in the Bodleian Library,vol.I-II,Oxford 1899,1930.

5. Bahadur,Abdul Muqtadir Khan,Supplement to the catalogue of the Persian of Bankipore,vol.I,Calcutta 1932.

6. Ates,Ahmet,Istanbul Kutuphanelerinde Farsca Manzum Eserler,vol.I,Istanbul 1968.

7. Munzawi,Ahmad,Fihrist-i Nuskhaha-i Khatt-i farsi,vol.I-VI,Tehran 1348-1353 hijri shamsi.

8. Fihrist-i Kitabha-yi chapha-yi farsi,vol.I-III,Tehran 1352 hijri shmasi.

b. Tazkirahs(=Memories):

l. Nizami al-Aruzi Ahmad b.Omar AAli,Chhar Maqala,edited by Muhammad Mu`in,Tehran 1333 hijri shamsi.

2. Awfi,Muhammad,Lubab al-Albab,edited byBrowne and Mirza Muhammad Qazwini (PersianHistirical Texts,II,IV),parts 1-2, London-Leiden 1903-1906.

3. Dawlat-shah b. Ala al-Dawla Bakht-shah al-Ghazi al-Samarqandi,Tazkirat al-Sh`ara' ( Memoires of poets),edited by E.G.Browne (Persian Historical texts,vol.I),Leiden 1901.
4. Nawa'i, Ali Shir,Majalis al-Nafa'is,Tehran 1323 hijri shamsi.

5. Razi,Amin Ahmad,Haft Iqlim,edited byJawad Fadil,vol.1-3, Tehran,no date.

6. Nasrabadi,Muhammad Tahir,Tazkira-i Nasrabadi,ba tashih-i Wahid Dastgard,Tehran 1317.

7. Lutf Ali Bag,Azur,Atashkada,stone pressed,Bombay 1299.

8. Mast,Zu'l-Fiqar Ali,Riyaz,al-Wifaq,edited Khayyampur,Tebriz 1343 hijri shamsi.

9. Akhtar,Ahmad,Tazkira-i Akhtar,edited Khayyampur,Tebriz 1343 hijri shamsi.

10. Hidayat,Riza Qulikahn,Majma' al-Fusaha',vol.I-IV,Tehran 1336-1339 hijri shamsi.

11. Mudarris,Muhammad Ali Tabrizi,Rayhanat al-Adab,vol.I-VI,Tehran 1364-1373 hijri shamsi.

12. Gulchin-i Ma`ani,vol.I-II,Tehran 1348-1350 h.sh.

c. History of Literature:

1. Nu`mani Shibli,Shi`r al-Ajam,translated by Muhammad Fakhr-i Dai`i Gailan,vol.I-V,Tehran 1316-1336 h.sh.

2. Browne,E.G.,A Literary History of Persia,vol.I-II,London 1902-1906.

3. The same author,A History of Persian literature under Tartar dominion A.D.1265-1502,Cambridge 1920.

4.  The same author,A history of Persian literature in modern times,(A.D. 1500-1924),Cambridge 1924.

5. Huma'i,Isfahani Jalal al-Din,Tarokh-i Adabiyyat-i Iran az qadimtarin asr-i tarikh-i ta asr-i hazir,Tebriz 1308.

6. Yasimi,Rashid,Adabiyyat-i mu`asir,Tehran 1316 h,sh.
7. Buqa`i, Muhammad Baqir, Sukhan-waran-i nami-i mu`asir, vol.I-II, Tehran 1329.

8. Bahar,Muhammad Taqi Malik al-Shu`ara,Sabk-Shinasi ya Tarikh-i tatawwur-i nashr-i farisi,vol.I-III,Tehran 1337 h.sh.

9. Khayyampur,Abd al-Rasul,Farhang-i Sukhnwaran,Tebriz 1340 h,sh.

10. Nafisi,Sa`id,Tarikh,Nazm nashr dar Iran wa Zban-i farisi ta payan-i qarn-i dahum-i hijri,vol.I-II,\Tehran 1344 h.sh.

11. Zabih Allah,Safa,Tarikh-i Adabiyyat dar Iran,vol.1-3,Tehran 1347-1352 h.sh.

12. Zarrinpur,Yahya,Az Saba ta Nima,Tarikh-i 150 sala-i adab-i farsi,vol.I-II,Tehran 1350 h.sh.

13. Ibnul Emin Mahmud Kemal,Son Devir Sairleri,Istanbul.

d. Caligraphers:

1. Bayani,mahdi,Ahwal u athar-i khoshnuwisan,vol.I-III,Tehran 1345-1347 h.sh.

2. Ibnul Emin Mahmud Kemal,Son Devir Hattatlari,Istanbul.

e. Dictionaries: 

1. Asadi,Abu Mansur Ali b.Ahmad Asadi al-Tusi,Kitab Lughat-i furs,ba mulhaqat-i Abbas Iqbal,Tehran 1319 h.sh.

2. Shu`uri,Hasan,Farhang-i Shu`uri,vol.1-2,Istanbul 1155 hijri.

3. Rampuri,Ghiyas al-Din,Muhammad b. Jalal al-Din,Ghiyas al-Lughat,printed with stonepressing technique,M.Fakhr al-Karim.1893.

4. Asim,Ahmed,Terjame-i Burhan-i Qati`,Cairo 1251.

5. Muhammad Ali, Sayyid,Farhang-i Nizam,vol.1-5,Haiderabad 1342-1358 h.

6. Sad,Muhammmad Padishah,Farhang-i Anandaraj,vol.I-VII,Tehran 1335-1338 h.sh.
7. Steingass,F.,A Comprehensive Persian-English dictionary,third edition,London 1947.

8. Khayim,Sulaiman,farhang-i Jami-`i farsi ba inglisi,vol.I-II,Tehran 1312-1314.

9. Hayim,Sulaiman,The Shorter English,Persian Dictionary,Tehran 1953.

10. Beroukhim,Ismail,Lughat-i farsi-fransevi (Dictionaire persan-francais),second edition,Tehran 1932.

11. Amid,Hasan,Farhang-i Amid,Theran 1334 h.sh.

12. Gawharan,Sadiq Sayyaid,Farhang-i Lughat wa Ta`bairat-i
 Mathnawai,vol.I-V,Tehran 1337-1359 h.sh.

13. Adib Tusi,Muhammad Amin,Farhang-i Lughat-i Adabi,vol.I-III,Tehran 1345-1350.

14. DihKhuda,AAli Akbar,Lughtnama,vol.1-30,Tehran 1325-1354 h.sh.

15. Mu`in,Muhammad,Farhang-i Farsi,vol.I-VI,Tehran 1342-1352 h.sh.

f. Literary Artistics:

1. Raduyani,Muhammad b.Omar,Tarjuman  al-Balaghah,edited by Ahmad Ates,Istanbul 1949.

2. Shamss-i Qays,Shams al-Din Muhammad b.Qays al-Razi,al-Mu`jam fi Ma`ayir ash`ar al-Ajam,Tehran1314 h.sh.

3. Wat Wat,Rashid al-Din,Muhammad Hada'iq Sihr fi Daqa'iq al-Shi`r,edited by Abbas Iqbal,tehran,no date.

4. Mu'taman,Zain al-`Abidin,Shi`r u adab-i farsi,Tehran 1332 h.sh.

5. Khnlalari,Parwiz Natil,Wazni- Shi`r-i farsi,Tehran 1345 h.sh.

g. Grammar Books:
1. Huart,Cl.,Grammaire elementaire de la languae persane,Paris 1908.

2. Saleman,C.and V.Shukowski,Persiche Grammatik,Leipzig 1947.

3. Lambton,AA.K.S,Persian Grammar,Cambridge 1953.

4. Lazard,Gilbert,Grammaire de persan contemporain,Paris 1957.

5. Humayun Farrukh,`Abd al-Rahim,Dastur-i Jami`-i Zaban-i farsi,Tehran 1337 h.sh.

6. Mashkur,Muhammad Jawad,Dastur-nama dar sarf u nahw-i zaban-i farsi,Tehran 1342 h.sh.

7. Khyyampur,`A.,Dastur-i Zaban-i farsi,Tebriz 1347 h.sh.

8. Dastur-i zaban-i farsi,vol. 1-2,Tehran 1350 h.sh.

9. Khnalari,Parwiz Natil,Dastur-i Zaban-i farsi,Tehran 1352 h.sh.

10. Ates,Ahmet, and A.Tarzi,Farsca Grammer,Istanbul 1971.

h. Histo ry Books:

1. Mawali,Muhammad and Mahmud b. Isfhhani,Tarikh-i Sistan,edited by Malik al-Sh`ara' Nahar,tehran 1314 h.sh.

2. al-Bayhaqi,Abu 'l-Fadl Muhammad b. Husain,Tarikh-i Bayhaqi,edited by Ghani wa Fayyaz,Tehran 1324 h.sh.

3. al-Rawandi,Muhammad b. `AAli b.Sulaiman,Rhat al-Suadur wa ayat al-Surur,edited by Muhammad Iqbal,London 1921.

4. al-Juwainim`Ala' al-Din `Ata,Malik,Tarikh-i Jihangusha,edited by Mirza Muhammad Qazwini,vol.1-3,Leiden-London 1912,1916,1937.

5. Ya`qub Harawi,Sayf b.Muhammad,Tarikh-nama-i Harat,calcutta 1944.

6. Qzwini,Hmadullah Mustawfi,Tarikh-i Guzidah,edited by E.Browne,vol.1-11,Leiden-London 1910,1013.

7. Zatqub Shirazi,Ahmad b.Abi 'l-Khayr,Shiraz-nama,edited by Bahnam Karimi,tehran 1310.
8. Ja`fari,Ja`far b.Muhammad Hasan,Tarikh-i Yazd,edited by Iraj Afshar,Tehran 1338 h.sh.

9. Zamchi Asfazari,Mu`in al-Din Muhammad,Rwazat al-Jannat fi awsaf Madinat-- Harat,edited by Muhammad Kazim Imam,Qism 1-2,Tehran 1338-1339 h.sh.

10. Khandamir |Ghiyas al-Din b.Humam al-Din Muhammad,Habib al-Siyar fi akhbar afsud al-bashar,vol.Tehran 1333 h.sh.

11. Rumlu,Hasan,AAhsan al-Tawarikh,vol.I-II,edited and translated by C.N.Seddon,Baroda 1931-1934.

12. Iqbal.`Abbas,Tarikh- Mufassal-Iran az Istila-i Moghol ta i`lan-i Mashrutiyyat,vol.I,tehran 1312 h.sh. 



























































































                           A N N E X  


CARL BROCKELMANN,GESCHICHTE DER ARABISCHENLITERATUR,vol.I-
II,Leiden 1943-1949),SUPPLEMMENTBAENDE,vol.I-III,Leiden 1937-1942.


Here is further information to be given in addition to what has already been  mentioned in previous chapters under the biobibliographic  books. Its  short  forms are G,or GAL and S, for Supplementband.

Fuat Sezgin,Geschichte der arabischen Schriftums,vol.I-VIII,Leiden 1967-1988).It continues to be published.The short form is GAS. Both of them are in German.

Here we intend to give some useful and practical clues to benefit from these two sources.

Since these two are very important books,each researcher  needs to refer to, it was thought that it would be better to give meaning of the abbreviations used in them.

There are hundredsof abbreviations.Their meanings are to be referred to whenever it is necessary. By this way,any one who knows a little about bit their method may benefit fairly enough, even if he does not know German.As a matter of fact the knowledge of abbreviations is always useful and necessary.

Both of the manuals give the books written in Arabic in any field with the biographies of their writers, the sourcesfor the biographies,their works, commentaries of their books, hashiyas, translations together with the places of their prints and dates of the prints, if the works are manuscripts their,the libraries in which they are located together with the  registration numbers.

Their plan is to cover all Arabic literature produced upto now without any exception.The  books are divided into chapters according to the subjects and  arranged chronologically according to dates of deaths of the authors.

The information given in GAL is fully included in GAS.

There are many cross references in G to Supplementbaende, because the copy of G which we have today,is published after S.

There are cross references at the top and also in the middle of the pages of S in the format of "zu S. (=zu Seite..)" meaning "addition to the page of...". But the thing to bear in mind here is that the number after G does not refer to the numbers at the topof the pages,but to the numbers given at the margins of the pages in G;that is the numbers of the pages of the first edition of G.But the numbers given after S,are just regularly denoting the numbers at the top of the Supplementbaende.Roman numbers always refer to the volumes.

GAS completes the subjects of GAL, corrects them and adds to  new discoveries and information. It gives folios of the manuscripts, evaluates them as to whether they are authentic or not.

There are indices in S vol.III, pp.503-788 accordingtothe authors,pp.789-1166 according to their books. There is a list of European editors and publishers in pp.1167-1190.

The name which is considered  as surname,or family name,or nisbah or the name of shuhrah (fame) is printed in GAL as letter spaced,but it is published in GAS as all in capital letters.
The titles of the books in both of them are italicized. 

GAS gives at the end of the volumes a list of the libraries an index showing the authors and the books.

The famous title or name is written in a spaced way. This is the word to be looked for, the word which is equal to the surname or family name in the western culture.

We can not do our researches without benefiting from those books.

Some parts of both of them are translated into  Arabic. But what  bad translations they are! Why are they not serious enough to bear the burden of doing a real and complete translation with accuracy and care, recording the names and everything properly and correctly. There are points skipped and mistakes in understanding of the abbreviations properly and  reflecting the original in the translations.That is why to benefit from the main German text is very necessary for any one who is a serious researcher.

Brockelmann uses hundreds of abbreviations.There is no strictly followed unified and unformed way.

We have given the  abbreviations which are not unified and other abbreviations with their open forms and meaning in English each one seperately.

Both of GAl and GAS have catalogues and the books or articles describing the manuscripts as their sources.

GAS gives the locations of the libraries.One may refer to it for further information about the libraies.

Sometimes  an author  is  mentioned without specifying which work of his books is meant here in this specific point.It may be good, in order tofix the real context of the source,to screen the previous pages of the source  or to figure out which one of the sources of the author may be  actual source of this information.

This is a vast area; so the writer of these lines  admits and confesses his defects and  ineficiency  in  advance for  any mistakes that might occur here and any where in this work.














































 
                            I
                                               

The Uniformed Abbreviations and Their Meanings in G and S of       Brockelmann ( In Alphabetical Order)

                                 A                            

a        :  abu,aba,abi (father of ...).

A.       :  Ahmad. 

`A.      :  `Ali.

a.a.O.   :  am angefhrten Ort ( at the mentioned place).

Abh.     : Abhandlungen (Researches,studies).

Abh.der klg.Ges.d.Wiss.: Abhandlungen der koniglichen Geselschaft der Wissenschaften (Studies of the Royal Society of Sciences).

a.d.J.   : an den Jahren ( in the years of...).

Ahlwardt,W.,Bemerkungen : Bemerkungen uber die Echtheit der alten arabischen Gedichte,Greifswald 1872.

AJSL     : American Journal of Semitic Language and Literature.

AKM      : Abhandlungen fur die Kunde des Morgenlandes.

`Al.     : `Abdallah.

Alax.    : Alexandria.

Alger   : Catalogue general des manuscrits des bibliotheques
 publiques de France,Department,tome XVIII,Alger,par Fagnan,Paris

1893 ( This is a catalogue of the manuscripts in France, prepared by Fagnan).

Alger Gr.M.: Catalogue des mss.conserves dans les principales bibliothequees Algeriennes,Grand mosquee d'Alger,par M.Ben Cheneb,Alger 1909 (This is a catalogue of manuscripts in Alger,Grand mosque).

`Aligarh    : Fihrist Nusah Qalami (`Arabi,Farisi wa Urdu),Muslim University,by Sayyid Kamil Husain, Aligarh 1909 ( This is a catalogue of the Arabic, Persian and Urdu manuscripts in Aligarh Muslim University /India).

`Ali Hamid  :  al-Muzakkarat al-Hamidiyyah fi Tarikh al-Adab al-Lughah al-`Arabiyyah,Cairo 1343/1925.

Ambros. :     E.Griffini,I,Manuscritti sudarabici di Milano,Riv.d.Studii Or.II,III ( a reprint).Roma 1908,1910.Lista dei mss.arabici,neuvo fonda della Bibliotheca Ambrossiani di Milano,Riv.St.Or.II,253-278,571-594,901-921,IV,97-106,1021-1048,VI,1283-1316.,VII,565-628,VIII,51-130,241-357.(This is the catalogue of the manuscripts in the library of Ambrossiana in Milano/Italy).

Ambros.    :  E.Griffini,Die jungste ambrosianische Samlung ar.Hdss.,ZDGM,69,63-88.

am Rande von :  ... at the margin of...

am Rde.      :  ... at the margin of...

Anm.   : Anmerkung,Anmerkungen (Note,notes,comment,remarks)

Anhang       :  Addition,annex.

Anon.        :  Anonym  (anonimous),the author is not known.

A O          :  Acta Oreintalia.

A O S        :  Archiv fur orientalische Sprachen.

`Aql.        :  `Abdalqadir.

ar.          :  arabisch ( Arabic).

`Ar.         :  `Abdarrahman.

Arbulhofnot.F.: Arabic authors,aq manual of araqbian History and Literature,London 1890.

A S          :  Defter-i Kutubhana-i Ayasofya,Istanbul 1304.

As`ad Ef.    :  Defter-i Kutubhana-i As`ad Efendi,Istanbul,no date.

As. Soc. Beng.:  Catalogue of the Arabic books and Mss. in the Library of the Asiatic Society of Bengal,compiled by Shams-ul-`Ulema Mirza Ashraf `Ali,Calcutta 1905; List of Arabic and pers.Mss acquired on behalf of the Government of India by the Asiatic Society of Bengal during 1903-1907,eb 1908.

As.Soc.Calcutta :  Asiatic Society of Calcutta.

`Atif Ef.     :  Defter-i  Kutubkhana-i  Atif Efendi,Istanbul 1310.

Ausgabe         :  Print,edition.

Auswahl         :  Selection(s).

Auszug          :  Summary,brief.

Av.Kremer     :  Kulturgeschichte des Orients unter den Chlifen,vol. I-II,Wien 1877.

                                 B

b.             :  bin,ibn ( son of..)   

Bairut         :  Cheicho L.,Catalogue raissonne des mss.or.la Bibliotheque orientyale de l'Universite de St.Joseph,MFOB,VI-VII,X. (This is a catalogue of the manuscripts in the Unuversity of Saint Joseph in Beyrut/Lebanon).

b. al-Anb.    :  Ibn al-Anbari.

Bank.         :  Bankipore (=Patna).

Bankipore     :  Arabic handlist by M.Abdulhamid,Patna 1918.Catalogue of Ar. and Pers.Mss in the oriental public Library at Bankipore,vol.IV,V,VII,IX,X,XII-XV,XVIII,XIX.

B A S S      :  Bulletin of the American school of oriental studies.

Batavia        :  Friedrich,Codicum arabicorum in Bibliotheca Societatis Artium quqe Bataviae flaret asservutorum catalogus,absolvit indicibusque instruxit,L.W.C. van den Berg,bataviae et Hogae 1873.Supplement to catalogue of the Arabic Mss.preserved in the Museum of the Batavia Society of Arts and Sciences by Th.S. von Renkel,Batavia-The Haque 1913.

Bayezid       :  Defter-i Kutubkhana-i Bayezid,Istanbul 1304.

Bd.           :  Band (volume).

Bde           :  Baende ( volumes).

B D G M       :  Bibliothek der deutschen morgenlaendischen Geselschaft.

bearbeitet von.. :  prepared and worked out by...

Beitr.        :  Beitraege (Lectures,conferences).

b. Hal.       :  Ibn Khallikan.

Berl.         : Ahlwardt W.,Verzeichnis der ar. Hdss.der kgl.Bibliothek zu Berlin,Bd.I-X,Berlin 1887-1899 (Die Handschriften verzeichnisse der kgl.Bibliothek in Berlin,Bd 7).(This is the catalogue of the Arabic Mss. at the Royal Library in Berlin.It was prepared by W.Ahlwardt).

Besir Aga    :  Defter-i Kutubkhasna-i Besir Aga,Istanbul,nodate.

b. Hall.     :  Ibn Khallikan,Wafayat al-A`yan,Bulaq 1290;Vitae illustrium virorum,ed.F.Wustenfeld,Goettingae 1835-1840.Ibn Khallikan's biographical dictionary,translated from Arabic by Mac Guckin de Slane,vol.I-IV,Paris-London 1843-1871.

Bibl.       :  Bibliothek ( Library).
BIFO        :  Bullettin de l'Institut Francais d'Archeologie Orientale au Caire.

b. al-`Imad.S D :  Ibn al-`Imad,Shazarat al-Zahab.

bis          :  to..,repeated number.

B O          :  Bibliothek des Orients.

B O          :  J.Th.Zenker,Bibliotheca orientalis,manuel de bibliographie orientale,vol.I-II,Leipzig 1846-1861.

Bodl.       :  Bibliothecae Bodlainae codd.mss.ar. catalogues,pars I a 10 Uri,Ozoniae 1787;pars II,vol I ab. Alex.Nicoll.,Ozon 1821,vol.II ab E.B.Pusey,Ozon 1835 (H.G.Farmer `Arab musical Mss.in the Bodl. Library,JRAS,1925,pp.639-654.This is a catalogue of the Bodlain Library in Oxford/England).

Bol-Mars Rosen V. :  Remarque sur les mss.or.de la collection Marsigli a Bologne,suivies de la liste complete des mss.ar.de la meme coll.(Atti d.R.Acc.die Lincei Ser.5,vol. XIII,Roma 1885.

It is a catalogue of the oriental mss. in Bologne).

Bonnensi,Bonnae 1874 : The catalogue of the Library at the Academy in Bonn.

Breslau St.  :  C.Brockelmann,Verzeichniss der ar.pers.Turk.und hebr.Hdss. der Stadtbibliothek zu Breslau,Breslau 1900 (This is a catalogue of Arabic, Persian,Turkish and Hebrew manuscripts in the State Library of Breslau).

Breslau Un.  :  G.Richter,Verzeichniss der orientalischen Hdss.(Stats-und-Universitaetsbibliothek Breslau),Leipzig 1933.(This is a catalogue of the mss.in teh state and university libraries at Breslau).

Br. Mus.   :  catalogue codd.mss.qui in Musaeo Brittanica asservantur,pars II,codd.ar. amplectons,3 vol.London 1846-1879.

B M S        : British Museum Suppl.

Br. Mus. Suppl. :  Rieu,Ch.,Supplement to the catalogue of the arabic Mss. in the British Museum,London 1894.

Br. Mus. DL.  :  A descriptive list of the Arabic mss.acquired by the trustees of the British Museum since 1894,composed by A.G. Ellis and Edward Edwards,london 1912.

Brill-H.      :  Houtsma M.Th.,Catalogue d'une collection de mss. ar.et turc appertanant a la maison de E.J.Brill a Leide,Leide 1886.Second  enlarged edition: 1889. This is a catalogue of the  collections of Arabic and Turkish mss. belonging to E.J Brill in Leiden/Holland.This collection is located  now in Garret Collection of Princeton.

Browne        :  A descriptive catalogue of the oriental Mss. belonging to the late E.G.Browne by Edward G.Browne ed. by Reynold A.Nicholson,Cambridge 1932.

Brussa        :  O.Rescher,Notizen uber einige ar.Hdss.aus Brussaer Biblioteken,ZDGM,X,68,47-63.G.Susshem,aus anatolischen Bibliotheken,Beitr.z.Kunde des Orients,VII,77-78. The Arabic manuscripts in Bursa/Turkey.

B S O S     :  Bullettin of the school of Oriental Studies.

Buhar       :  Catalogue raisonne of the Buhar Library,vol.III,Catalogue of the arabic mss.in the Buhar Library by  M.Hidayat Husain,Calcutta 1923.

Burch.      :  Die ar.und pers.Hdss.aus dem Besitz des verstorbenen reisender Dr.Burchrdt,mit einem Vorwort von A.Fischer,Leipzig,Fock 1922.This is a catalogue of the Arabic and Persian mss. in the library of Burchardt).
                                 C

ca           :  circa (aproximately.about).

Caetani      :  G.Gabrieli,La Fondazione Caetani pegli studii musulmani,Rome 1926.

Calc. Mdr.   :  catalogue of the ar.and pers.Mss. in the Library of the Calcutta Madrasah by  Kamaluddin and Abdul Muqtadir with an introduction by E.Denison Rossi,calcutta 1905.

Cambr.      :  Palmer,E.H.,Descriptive catalogue of the

Arabic, Persian and Turkish mss.in the Library of Trinity College,cambridge 1870.See also: the same author,Ar etc.mss. in the Kings College,JRAS,Ns.III,105.

Cambr.Handl.  : A Handlist of the Muhammadan mss.of the Cambridge by E.G.Browne,Cambridge 1900.

Cambr.Suppl.Handl. :  A supplemantary handlist of the Muhammadan Mss. preserved in the libraries of the University and colleges of Cambrodge by E.G.Browne,cambridge 1922.

Canaan      :  Gircis,al-Adab al-Arabiyyah wa Tareikhuha,Beyrut 1911.

Carullah    :  A Library in The  general Library of Suleymaniye in Istanbul. 

Cat.        :  Cataloghi dei codici orientali di alcore bibliothece d'Italia,5  fsc.Firenze 1878-1892.   

Choesrow,P.   :  Defter-i Kutubkhane-i Husrev Pasa,Istanbul,no date.

Chrest.      :  Chrestomatie ( Anthology,selections).

Cl.Huart     :  Literature arabe,Paris 1902.Fourth edition:1923.Its english: A History of Arabic,London 1903.
cmt.        : commentar (commentary).

cmtare      :  commentare (commentaries).

                                 D

Dahdah      :  M.y Bitar,Dahdah Rocheid,catalogue d'une collection de mss. ar.precieus et de livres rares,Paris 1012.( A catalogue od arabic rare mss.).

Damad       :  Defter-i Kutubkhane-i Damad-zade Qadi-`asker
 M.Murad,Istanbul 1311.

Damaskus     :  Habib Zaiyat,Khaza'in al-Kutub fi Dimasque wa Dawahiha,Cairo 1902.

Dam.`Um. (Zah.) (=Dam.z) : Sham-i Sherif'te Melik Zahir Kubbesi nam mahallede tesis ve kushad olunan kutubhane-i umumi'nin havi oldugu bilcumle kutub u resailin miktar ve envaini mubeyyin defterdir,Damascus 1299.

ders.        :  derselbe (the same,the same author).

d.h.         :  das heisst (that is,i.e.).

d.i.         :  das ist ( this is,it is).

Diab Bek,M.A.b.Ibr. :  Tarikh adab al-Lughah al-`Arabiyyah,vol.I-II,Cairo 1317-1318.

Diss.        :  Dissertation (Thesis).

DLZ         :  Deutsche Literatur Zeitung (Magazine of German Literature)

Diw.         :  Diwan.

Dresd.      :  Flaischer,H.L.,Catalogus codd. mss. ar.in Bibliotheca Regie Dresdensi,Lipsiae 1831.

Du 'l-H.   :  Dhu 'l-Hijjah ( The twelfth month Islamic lunar year).

Du l'-Q.     :  Dhu 'l-Qa`dah ( The eleventh month of Islamic lunar year).


                               E


eb.           :  ebenda  (The same place),some times the source and some times the place of the publication of the book is meant.

Edinb.        :  Descriptive catalogue of the Arabic and Persian Mss. in Edinburgh University Library by Ashraful Haqq,H.Ethe and E.R.Robertson Edinburgh 1925.

Edw. van Dyck.  :  Flibbi des Qostatin,Tarikh al-`Arab wa adabihim,Bulaq 1310/1892.  

E I         : Encyclopaedia of Islam,It has French and German versions.It is also being published enlarged with many addtions.(Continuing).

Enc.Brit.     :  Encyclopaedia Brittanica.

engl.         :  English

Esc1          : Bibliotheca Arabico-Hispana Escurialen sis opera M. Casiri,vol.I-II,Matriti 1760-1770.

Esc2         :  Derenbourg,H.,Les mss. arabes del 'Escurial I,Paris 1884.II,1, Morale et politique,Paris 1903. III par Levi_Provencal,Paris 1928.Also see: N.Morale,Une catalogo de los fondos arabes primtives de El Escurial,al-Andalus,II (1934), pp.87-181.Both of the Escurial catalogues are the catalogues of manuscripts in the library of Escurial in Madrid/Spain.

Euting J.,    :  Katalog der kaiserlichen Universitaets und Landesbibliothek in Strasburg,arabische Literatur,Strasburg 1877. It is a catalogue of Arabic manuscripts in the univerisity and state libraries in Strasburg.



                                   F
                      
f.            :  folio ( page).

ff.           :  folios (pages).

Fas.          :  A.Bel,catalogue des livres arabes de la Bibliotheque de la Mosquee d  'el-Qaraouyine a Fas,Fes,Fes 1918 (The catalogue of Arabic books in the Lirary of the Grand Mosque in al-Qarawiyyin in Fes/Morocco).

Fas B.       :  R. Basset,Les mss. ar. de deux bibliotheques de Fas,Alger 1883. (Catalogue of the mss. in two libraries in Fez).

Fatih         :  Defter-i Kutubhane-i Fatih Camii,Istanbul,n.d.

Fawat         :  M.b. Shakir al-Kutubi,Fawat al-Wafayat,vol.I-II,Bulaq 1299.

Fihrist       :  Ibn al-Nadim,al-Fihrist.

Fihr.         :  Kitab al-Fihrist,edited by G.Flugeland published by J.Rodiger and A.Muller after the death of Flugel,vol.I-II,Leipzig 1871-1872.

Fir.         :  Olga Pinto,Manoscritti arabi delle bibliothece governative di Firenze non ancora cataloyati,Firenze 1935,Bibliofilia,XXXVII,pp.234-246.It is a catalogue of Arabic mss. in the state library of Firenze.

Fir (Flor.) Laur. :  S.E. Assemani, Bibliotheccae Mediceae Laurentianae et palatinae codicum mss. ar.catalogus,Florentiae 1742.It is a catalogue of Arabic mss.in the library of Florenze/Italy.

frgm.       :  fragment (part,piece,section)

Franck      :  Catalogue d'une belle collection de mss. et livres arabes dont la vemnte aura lieu le 20 juin 1860 dans la librarie A. Franck,Paris 1860. (It is mentioned by Pertsch in Gotha catalogue).

Fried.      :  Friedrici,K.,Bibliotheca orientalis oder volstaendige Liste aller 1876-1883 in Deutschland,Frankreich,England und den Kolonien erschienenen Bucher usw. Leipzig 1877-1883. It is a list oforiental books which were published during the years 1876-1883 in Germany, France, England and their colonies.

                                   G  

Garret.      :  Hitti,Ph.K and others,Descriptive cat. of the Garret Collection of Arabic Mss. in Princeton University Library,Princeton 1938.

geb.         :  geboren ( is born,born ).

gesammelt    :  gathered,collected.

G G L        :  Gottinger Gelehrte Anzeiger.

Girci, Zaidan : al-Mukhtasar fdi tarikh adab al-lughah al-`Arabiyyah,Cairo 1924.Also see: The same author,Tarikh adab al-Lughah al-`Arabiyyah,Cairo 1329/1911.

Glasg.      :  The ar. syr. and hebr.Mss.of the Hunterian Library of the University of Glasgow by T.H.Weir,IRAS,1899,pp.739-756.A Catalogue of the mss. in the Library of the Hunterian Museum in the University of Glasgow,J.Young and P.H.Aitken,Glasgow 1908,pp.453-523.

Gloss      :  Note (recorded in the margins or in between the lines. Hashiyah or faidah in Arabic).

Glossen    :  Notes,footnotes     
Goth.      :  Pertsch,W.,Die arabischen Hnds.der Herzoglichen Biblioglichen Bibliothek zu Gotha,vol.I-V,Gotha 1892.This is the catalogue of the manuscripts in the state library of Gotha.

Gott.      :  Verzeichniss der Hdss. im Preussischen Staete 1,Hannover,Gottingen,Berlin 1894.It is catalogue of the mss in the state libraries in Prussia.

Granad. S.M.  : Noticia de los manuscritos arabes del Sacre Monte de Granada p.m.Asin Placios (Rev.del Centro de Est.Hist.de Granda y su Reino,Granada 1912.It is a catalogue of Arabic mss. in Granada/Spain.

Granad U.    : catalogo de los mss. arabes que se conservan ea la unuversidad ve Granada,p. Almagro de Cardenas,Granada 1891.Mem.XI,Cngr.interan.des Orientalistes,Paris 1894,p.45.(a reprint).

Gum.II       :  Gumadi al-thani (The name of the sixth month of the Islamic  Calendar).

                                   H

H.           :  Hasan

H.A.R.Gibb.  :  Arabic Literarure.An introduction.London 1926.

Hanb.        :  Katalog der orientalischen  Hdss.der stadtbibliothek zu Hamburg,mit Ausschluss der hebr.,Teil 1,Die ar.pers.usw.Hdss.von von C.Brockelmann,Hamburg 1908.This is catalogue of manuscripts in Hamburg.

Handan,Mustafa   :  al-Khulasah al-adabiyyah fi tarikh al-adab al-misriyyah al-`arabiyyah,Cairo 1924.Second edition 1928.

Hamid           :  Defter-i Kutubkhane-i Hamidiye Turbe,Istanbul 1300.

Haupt.          :  Die rabischen Hdss. der Samlung Haupt mit Einleitung und Beschreibung von M.Hartman,Halle a.d.S. 1906.This is a catalog of arabic mss. in the collection of Haupt.

Havn.         :  Codices arabici bibl.regiae Hafniaensig enum et deser.a F.Mehren,Hafniae 1851. (Arabic mss. of Hafniae).

Hdss.         :  Handschriften (Manusripts).

Herrm.        :  Herrmann C.H.,Biblotheca orientalis et linguisticu,Verzeichniss der vom Jahre 1850 bis incl.1868 in Deutschland erschienenen Bucher,Schriften und Abhandlungen orientalischer und Sprachvergleichender Literature,Halle a.S.1870.  

hsg.        :  herausgegeben (published,printed).

hsgb. von   :  herausgegeben von ( published by..).

Heidelberg  :  J.Berenbuch,Verzeichniss der neuerworbenen ar.Hdss.der Universitaets Bibliothek H.,Z.S,VI,pp.213-237,X,74-104.A catalogue of ar.mss. aquired newly by University library.

H. H.      :  Kashf al-Zunun,Lexicon bibliographicum et encyclopaedicum a Mustapha ben Abdullah Katib Jelebi dicto et nomino Haji Khalfa celebrato compositum,ed.latine vertit et commentario indicibusque instruxit G.Flugel,vol.I-VII,LeizigLondon 1835-1858.

Hifni      :  Bek Nasif,Tarikh al0adab aw hayat al-lugha al-`Arabiyyah,vol.I-II,Cairo 1328/1910.

Hu.         :  Husain.

                                I

Ibn Qotaiba :  (b.Qot.),Poes.,al-Shi`r wa 'sh-Shu`ara (Liber poesis et poetarum,eidted by M.J.de Goeje,Leiden 1904.

Ibn Qutlubuga: Taj al-Tarajim fi tabaqat al-Hanafiyyah (Die Krone der Lebensbeschreibungen enthaltend die Klassen der Hanefiten,edited by G.Flugel,Leipzig 1862.

i. J.      :  im Jahre ( in the year of...).

Ind.Off.   :  Loth O.,Catalogue of the ar.Mss.in the Library of the India Office,London 1877.

Ind.Off. II  :  Catalogue of the ar. Mss. in the Library of the India Office II,Qur,anic Literature by G.A.Storey,London 1930.

Ind.Off. RB  : Catalogue of two collections of Persian and Arabic manuscripts preserved in the India Office Library by E.Denison Ross and E.G.Browne,London 1902.

I.Pizzi    : Litteratura Araba, Milano 1903.

Isl.       :  Der Islam,Zeitschrift fur Geschichte und Kultur des islamischen Orients.

Iscu.      :  Islamica,ed.4. Fischer et Braeunlich.Leipzig 1927-1938.

Isl. Cult.  :  Islamic Culture.

                                  J

J.          :  Jahr (year)

J A         :  Journal Asiatique

J A S       :  Journal of Asiatique Society

Ja. Ef.     :  Defter-i Kutubhane-i Yahya Efendi,Istanbul 1310.

Jahrh.      :  Jahrhundert ( hundred years,century).

JAOS        :  Journal of American Oriental Society.

Jer.        :  Barnamaj al-Maktabah al-Khalidiyyah,al-Quds 1318.

Jer. K.     :  (A greek catalogue name),Jerusalem 1901 (see S I,p.8).

de Jong      :  P.de Jong,catalogue codd.or.bibl.acad.scient.,Lugduni,Batavorum 1862.
Jong     :  de Jong.

J Q R    :  Jewisch Quarterely Review

J. v.    :  Hammer-Purgstall,Literaturgescichte der Araber,von ihren Beginne zu Ende des zwolften Jahrhunderts der Hidschret,vol.I-VII,Wien 1850-1856.

                                  K

K.        :  Kitab,Cairo ( If it comes after the name of a book,then it signifies Cairo in which it is published).

k.         :  Kitab

Kairo1     :  Fihrist al-Kutub al-`Arabiyyah al-Mahfuzah bi 'l-Kutubhana al-Khidiwiyyah al-Misriyyah,vol.I-VII,Cairo 1306-1309.

Kairo      :  Kairo1

Kairo2     :  Fihris al-Kutub al-`Arabiyyah al-Mawjudah bi-dar al-Kutub al-Misriyyah li-ghayat shahr sebtember 1925,vol.I-VI,Cairo 1345-1348/1926-1934.

Kopr.       :  Koprlu-zade Mehmed Pasa Kutubhane Defteri, Istanbul, n.d.

Krafft.     :  Die ar.pers.und Turk Hdss.der k.k. Orient. Akademie zu Wien von H.Krafft,Wien 1842.It is a catalogue of the Arabic, Persian and Turkish mss.in the Oriental Academy of Vienna.

Kritiken    :  Critics

K.o.J.      :  Kairo,ohne Jahr (Published in Cairo,no date of publishing).

                                 L

Laleli      :  Defter-i Kutubhane-i Laleli,Istanbul 1310.

Landb.      :  Ch. Torrey,The Landberg Collection of arabic Mss. at Yale University,Library Journal,28 (New York 1908),pp.53-57.

Landb. -Br.  :  Catalogue des Mss. ar. provenant d'une bibliotheque privee a el-Medina.appertenant a la maison E.J.Brill,par C.Landberg,Leiden 1883.It is a catalogue of ar.mss in the private library of Brill.).

l. Bl.     : Literaturblatt fur orientalische Philologie,edited by E.Kuhn,Leipzig 1883-1888.

leben      : to live

lebte      : lived

hat gelebt : lived,has lived.

Leid.      : Leiden,La Haye,The Haque ( name of a city in Holland)  
     
Leipz.     :  Leipzig

Leipz.     :  K.Vollers,Katalog der islamischen,christlichorientalischen,judischen und samaritanischen Hdss.der Universitaetsbibliothek zu Leipzig,Leipzig 1906.A catalogue of islamic,oriental chriastian,jewish and samaritan mss. in the university of  Leipzig.

Lips.      : Catalogus librirum mss. bibliothecae status Lipaensis,edited by A.G.R.Neuman,codd.or.ling descr.H.O.Fleischer et Fr. Delitzsch,Grimmae 1838.It is a catalogue of mss. in the library of Leipzig.

Leyd1    :  Catalogus codd.or.bibl.acad.Lugd.Batav.ed.R.Dozy,p.de Jong,M.j. de Goeje et M.Houtsma,vol.I-VI,Lugd.Batav,1851-1877.

Leyd.    :  Leyd1

Leyd2.   :  Catalogus codd.arab ed.II,vol.I auctoribus M.J.de Goeje et Th.W.Juynboll,Lugd.Batav,1888;vol.1,1907.

Lund      :  Codices orintales bibliothecae regiae unuversitatis Lundiesis recensuit,C.J.Tornberg,Lundae 1850.
L Z B J   :  Literarisches Zentral-Blatt.

                                   M

M.         :  Muhammad

Madr.      :  (Robles F.G.) Catalogo de los manuscrites arabes exist en la Bibliotheca Nacional de madrid,Madrid 1889.It is a catalogue of Arabic mss. in Madrid.

Madr.Der.   :  Notes critiques sur les mss. ar. de la bibliotheque Nationale de Madrid,par H.Derenbourg,paris 1904.It is related to ar.mss.in the national Library of Madrid.

Madr. J.     :  Manuscritos arabes y aljamiados de la Bibliotheca de la Junta ( para Amplication de Est Inv.cieut).Noticia y extrartos par los alumnos de la seccion arabe baja la direction de J.Ribera y M.Asin,Madrid 1912.Arabic mss. in Madrid.

Madr. T.    :  Catalogos de los Codices Arabigos acquiridos en Tetouan por el gobierto di S.M.formado por D.E.Lafuente y Alchantara,madrid 1862.Arabic mss.in madrid.

Mahmud     :  H. al-Tonki,Mu'jam al-Musannifin,vol.I-VI,Beyrut 1344/1925. Biographic dictionary of the authors.

Manc.       :  A.Mingana,catalogue of the arabic mss. in the John Rylands Library,manchester 1934.

Mars.       :  Cat.gen. etc.( see Article Alger),vol.VI,pp.437-482.,Marseille par . l'abbe Albones,Paris 1892.

Ma`ruf      :  al-Rusafi,Durus fi tarikh adab al-Lugha al-`Arabiyya,Baghdad 1928.A book on Arabic Literature.    

Masriq       :  al-Masriq,al-Machriq,RevueCatholigue Orintale mensuell,sciences,lettres,arts,sous la direction des Peres de la Compagnie de Jesus,Universite St. Joseph, Beyrut. A Review of the St Joseph University in Beyrut.

M.  `Ali     :  al-Munyawi,al-Shazarat al-Saniyyah fi Tarikh adab al-Lugha al-`Arabiyyah,Cairo 1329/1811.A book on the literarure of Arabic language.

M. `Atiya     :  al-Dimashqi,al-Muntkhabat fi Tarikh adab al-`Arab, Cairo 1913. An anthology of Arabic literature.

M.Bahcat       :  al-Azhari,Mujmal fi Tarikh adab al-`Arabi,vol.I,1347.

M.Bek.        :  `Atif Barakat  Pasha and others,Adabiyyat al-Lughah al-`Arabiyyah,vol.II-II,Bulaq 1324/1906. Seconde dition 1909. Literature of the Arabic language.

M D O G      :  Mitteilungen d. Deutschen morgenlandischen Gesellschaft. A review of the German oriental association.

Med.           :  Bibliotheca Mediceae Laurentinae et palatinae codd.mss.or.catalogus,St. Evodus Assemani recensuit,Florentiae 1742. A catalogue of mss.in Florence Medical Library.

Mez, A.       :  Die Renaissance des Islams,Heidelberg 1922.A book on renaissaice of Islam.

M F O         :  Melanges de la Faculte orintale de l'Universite St.Joseph de Beyrouth. A special book of contributions  by St.Joseph University in Beyrut.

Mesh.        :  (Oktai),Fihrist-i Kutubhane-i mubaraka Asitaniquds-i Ridavi,Meshhed 1345.Also see: O.Spies,Festschr.E.Letmann,89-100.Ivanow,JRAS,1920,pp.535-563.

M I F A O     :  Memoires publies par les membres de l'Institut Francais d'Archelogie Orientale du Caire.Memories of the French Archeological Instutute in Cairo.
mit cmt.       :  mit commentare (with commentary).

mit Glossen    :  with notes,hashiyahs.

M.J.de Goeje   :  Die ar.Literatur in "Kultur der Gegenwart",edited by P.Hillenberg,vol.I-IV,Berlin-Leipzig 1906,pp.132-160. An article on Arabic literature.

M J F A O   :  see M I F A O        

M O         :  Le Monde Orientale.

M S L       :  Memoires de la Societe Linguistique

M S O S     :  Mitteilungen des Seminars fur Orientalische Sprachen. Reports of the seminars in oriental languages.

Mosul      :  Dawud al-Chalabi al-Mawsili,K.Makhtutat al-Mawsil,Baghdad 1927.

ms.          :  manuscript.

mss.         :  manuscripts.

Ms.         :  see ms.

M S O S     :  Mitteilungen des Seminars fur orientalischen Sorachen zu Berlin,Westasiatische Studien.

MSt.       :  Muhammedanische Studien ( a book written by Ignaz Goldziher).

Munch.      :  Anmer 1.,Die ar.und pers.Hdss. der Hof-und Staatsbibliothek in Munchen 1966.(Cat.cvodd. mss.Bibl.reg.Monac.1,2,),Munchen 1866. Arabic mss.in the State Library of Munchen.

Munch. G.    :  E.Gratzl,Die arab Hdss.der Samlung Glaser in der kgl.Hof-und Staatsbibliothek zu Munchen,Mitt.VAG 1916.

Mustafa Badr al-Din al-Hanafi,al-Muntkhab fi Tarikh adab al-`Arab,Cairo 1344/1925. Anthology of Arabic literature.
Mustafa Sadiq al-Rafi`i,Tarikh adab al-`Arab,cairo 1311/1893.Second edition 1329/1911. History of arabic literature.

                                N 

n. a.      :  nach anderen (according to others,after the others).

Nechdruck    :  Copy Press.

Nan          :  Catalogue de'Codd. mss. ar. della Bibliotheca Naniana.comp. dall Ab.S.Assemani,I-II,Padova 1787. A catalogue of ar.mss.in Padova.

N B s S      :  Neue Beitraege z. Semitischen Sprachen. Lectures on semitic languages.

n. Chr.      :  nach Christ ( after Christ.A.D.).

Neudruck     :  New edition.

N G W G      :  Nachrichten d. Gesellschaft d.Wissenschaft.Gottingen. A bullettin of the Science Association.

N O          :  Der Neue Orient

N. O.        :  Nur-u Osmaniye Kutuphane  defteri,Istanbul,no date. 

                                    O

`O.        :  `Omar.   

oder       :  or.

O B        :  Orientalische Bibliographie,begrundet von A.Muller,edited I.Scherman,berlin 1877. A bibliography on Orient.

o. J.      :  ohne Jahr ( without date,no date).

o.O.u.J.   :  ohne Ort und Jahr (No place and no year).

O. Rescher :  Abriss der arabischen Literaturgeschichte,vol.I,II,Stuttgart 1925,1933. A summary of Arabic Literature.

Or.Mod.    :  Oriento Moderno.

                                 P

p.        :  par (by).

p.        :  page

pp.       :  pages.

Paris     :  Bibliotheque Nationale,Department des Manuscrits.Catalogue des mss. arabes par le Baron de Slane,Paris 1883-1895. Catalogue of ar.mss.in the National Library,Paris.

Paris  B.   :  Bibliotheque Nationale.E.Blochet,catalogue des mss. ar. des nouvelles acquisitions (1884-1894),Paris 1925.New acquired ar.mss.in Bibl.National.

Patna      :  Fihrist i dast i kutub i qalami Library i macqula-i khan Bahadir Khudabakhsh musamma bi-Miftah al-Khafiyya, arranged by `Abdalhamid,vol.I,II,Patna,Sadiqpur Press,1918,1922 (=Bank.).Catalogue of mss.of Patna.

pers.     :  persisch (Persian).

Pes.      :  Lubab al-Ma`arif al-`Ilmiyyah fi maktabah dar al-`Ulum al-Islamiyyah,Peshawar ki Fihrist-i Kutub,Peshawar,no date. Books in Peshawar.

Pet.       :  catalogue des mss. et xyclographes orientaux de la Bibliotheque Imperiale publique de St.Petersbourg,1852. Catalogue of mss.in Petersbourg.

Pet. A. M.  :  Rosen,V.,Notices sommaires des mss. arabes du Musee Asiatique,1,St.Petersbourg 1881. Arabic mss.in Petersbourg.

Pet. A. M. Buch. :  V.I. Beljajev,Arabskie rukopisi Buchrskai kollektsii Aziatskavo Musea Inst.Vost.an SSRS (Trudi Inst.Vost.II),Leningrad 1932. Leninggrad arabic mss.

Pet.A.M.K.  :  I.Kratchovskii,Arabskija rukopisi postupivsija v Aziatskii Musei Ross.Akad.Nauk.s Kavkazskavo fronto (Izvestija  Ross Akad. Nauk.),Petrograd 1917;Opsanie sobranja ar.ruk.pozerwowannich v Az.Musei v 1926.Izv.Akd.Nauk 1927.

Pet.Ros.    :  Collections scientifiques de l'Institute de langues orientales de Ministere des Affaires etrangers I.Les mss. ar.de l'Institute des langues ar.descrits par V.Rosen,St.Petersbourg 1891;II. Les mss.ar.non compris dans le No I etc. de l'Institute descrits par D.Gunzberg,V.RosennB.Dorn,K.Patkanof,I.Tschoubinof St.Petersbourg 1891.Petersbourg ar.mss.

Pet.Un.    :  Indices alphabetici codd.mss.pers.turc.ar.qui in Bibl.Imp.Lit.Universitatis petropolitanae adservantur,conf.C.Salemann et V.Rosen,Petropoli 1888. ( a reprint from: Zap.vost.otd.Imp.Russk.Arch.Obc,I-III).Ar.,pers. and turkish mss.    

Princ.    :  E.Littmann,A list of ar. mss. in Princeton University,Princeton-Leipzig 1907 (Neuer Katalog uber ca 5000 Nr. von Ph.Hitti,RAAD,XIII,408.

                               Q

Qawala    :  A library in Cairo/Egypt.

Qilic `A. :  Defter-i Kutubhane-i Qilic `Ali Pasa,Istanbul 1311.

                               R

R.       :  Risalah

r.       :  Risalah

R A A D  :  Revue de l'Academie Arabe de Damas (Majallah Majmu` al-Lughah al-`Arabiyyah bi-Dimashque). Review of Arab  Academy in Damascus.

Rabat    :  E.Levi-Provencal,Les Ms.ar.de Rabat (Bibl. de l'ecole superieure de langue Arabe et de dialectes Berberes de R.T.VII),Rabat 1922. Arabic mss.in Rabat.

R A f r.   :  Revue Africaine.

Ragib      :  Defter-i Kutubhane-i Ragib Pasha,Istanbul 1310.

Rampur     :  Fihrist Kitab `Arabi,catalogue of Arabic Books in the Rampur State Library,1902.

Randcmt.    :  Randcommentar (Commentary in the Margin).

Ref.        :  Die Refa`iyya Fleische,Kl.Schr.III.366.

R E I       :  Revue des Etudes Islamique. Review of Islamic Studies.

Rescher     :  O.Rescher.

Rezension   :  Way of reading,report,a version of reading the word.

R. Nicholson :   A Literary History of the Arabs,London 1907,fourth edition 1923.

R O C      :  Revue de  l'Orient Chretien. Review of Christian Orient.     

R S O      :  Revista degli studi orientali. Review of oriental studies.


                                         S

s.         :  siehe (see).

s.         :  serie

S.         :  Sulaiman

Sali Bek Hamdi Hammad,Adab al-Islam,Cairo 1325/1907.

Sammlung   :  Collection,magazine,prepared to edition.
SBAW       :  Sitzungs Berichte d. Akademie d. Wissentschaft in Berlin. Proceedings of The Science Academy of Berlin.

SBBA       :  Sitzung-Berichte d. Bayerischen Akad. d. Wissenschaften. Proceedings of Science Academy of Bavyera.

SBWA       :  Sitzungs - Berichte d. Wiener Akademie.Proceedings of the Academy in Vienna.

s. S.      :  siehe Seite ( see the page of..)

s.o.S.     :  siehe oben Seite (see above the page ...).

Sbath      :  Bibliotheque de Mss. Paul Sbath,vol.I,II,Cairo 1928. Library of mss.

Selim       :   Defter-i Kutubhane-i Selimiye,Istanbul 1310.

Salim  A.   :   Defter-i Kutubhane-i  Haci Selim Aga,Istanbul 1310.

Servili      :  Defter-i Kutubhane-i Servili Medrese,Istanbul 1311.

s.Suppl.     :   siehe Supplementband (see Supplementband,supplemantary volume).

starb     : died.

Steward Ch.,A descriptive cat.of the Oriental Library of Tipoo Sultan of Mysore etc.,Cambridge 1809.

s.u.     :  siehe unten ( see below..).

s.u.S.   :  siehe unten Seite (see below page ...).

Suleim.  :  Defter-i Kutubhane-i Suleymaniye,Istanbul 1310.

Suppl.   :  Supplemantband (Supplemantary volume).

S s M    :  Sharh Shawahid al-Mughni,eidited by al-Shiqiti.

                                 T

t.       :  tome (volume).
Taha Husain,A.,al-Iskandari,al-Mujmal fi tarikh adab al-
`Arabi,Cairo 1348/1929. Arabic Literarure.

Taha Husayin,A. al-Iskandari,al-Mufassal fi tarikh al-adab al-`Arabi,vol.I,II,Cairo. Arabic Literature. 

Tarikh al-Adab al`Arabaiyyah munzu nash'atihi ila
  Ayyamina.alexandria 1914. Arabic Kiterarure.

Teh.      :  cat.des mss. pers.et ar.la Bibl du Madjless,par Y Etessammi.vol.I,II,Tehran 1933.cat.of pers. and ar.mss. in the Library of Madjless.

Teh.Sip.   : Tehran Sipahisalar,Fihrist-i Kutubhane-i Danishkedei ma`qul u manqul der Madrase-i `ali sipahsalar by Ebne Youssef,vol.I-II,Tehran 1313-1315. Catalogue books in the University Library of Madrasa-i ali sipahsalar,Tehran.

Teil       :  Part,chapter.

Tlems.     :  A.Cour,Catalogue des mss. conservees dans les principales bibliotheques Algeriennes Medersa de Tlemsen,Alger 1907. Catl.of mss. in  tlemsen,Algerie.

Tor.       :  C.A.Nallino,I mss.ar.etc. della bibliotheca nas. e dell'accad. di sciense di Torino (Mem.d.A.Ac.d.Sc.di T. ser.II,vol.50,1901,92-101). catl.of ar. mss. in the National Academy in Torino.

Tub.       :  Verzechniss der ar.Hdss. der Universitaetsbibliothek zu Tybingen,von Chr.F.Seybold,Tubingen 1907,II von M.Wesweiler,Leipzig 1930. Cat.of ar. mss.in the University Library of Tubingen.

Tunis      :  B.Ray,cat.des mss. et des imprimes de la Bibl.de la Grande Mosquee de Tunis,I Histoire,Tunis 1900.Cat.of mss. in The Grand Mosque of Tunis.
Tunis S.   :  Defter-i al-Maktaba al-Sadiqiyya,Tunis 1292.

                              U
                              
`Um.       :  Kutubhane-i Umumiyye in Istanbul by O.Rescher.

Ups.       :  Tornberg,C.J.,Codices ar.pers. et turc bibl.reg.univ. Upsoliensis,Lund 1849. Catl. of Ar.,Pers and Turkish books in the University Uppsala.

Ups II      :  Die ar.pers.und turk.Hdss.der Universitaetsbibliothek zu Uppsala,verzeichnet und beschrieben von  K.V. Zettesteen,M.O.XXII,fasc.3,1928. Ar.,Pers. and Turkish mss. in the library of University in Uppsala.

u.        :  und  (and).

u.a.      :  und andere(s),unter anderen (et cetra,so on so forth).

u. d. J.   :  und das Jahr ( and the year ).

um...  (history):  aprox.years of...

unvolstaendig : uncomplete.

usw.          : und so weter ( and so on).

ubers.        :  ubersetzt ( translated).

                                  V

v.            :  von (by,from)

Vat.          :  Bibliothecae Apostolicae Vaticanae codd.mss.catalogus,p.I,t.1,Romae 1766. Catalogue of mss. in Vatican.

Vat. N.F.    :  C.Crispo Moncado,I rodici nuovo fordo della Bibliotheca Vaticana,Palermo 1900 (see Vat.V,XII).

Vat. V.     :  Giorgio Levi della Vida,Elenco dei manoscritti arabi islamici della Bibliotheca Vaticana,Barbeiniani,Bergiani,Rossiani,Citta del Vaticano 1935 (Studi e Testi 62). Arabic and Islamic mss. in Vatican.

versifizierung:  put into poem form.

Verspr.Geschr. : Snouck-Hugronje,Verspreide Geschriften.

vgl.        :  vergleiche (compare).

von         :  from,by

v. J.       :  vom Jahre ( in the year ).

                                    W

Wien       :  G.Flugel,Die ar. pers. u. turk. Hdss. der k.k.Hofbibliothek,vol.I-III,Wien 1863-1867. Arabic,pers. and Turkish mss. in Statelibrary of Vienna.

Wesweiler,Ist.Hdssstudien :  Istanbuler Handschriftenstudien zur arabischen Traditionsliteratur,Bibliotheca Islamica,X,Leipzig 1937.Arabic mss. in Istanbul libraries.

Wust.      :  Der Geschichtsschreiber der Araber und ihre Werke,von F.Wustenfeld,Gottingen 1882. Arab  Historiens and their works.

Wust. Schaf. :  Der Imam el-Schafi`i.seine Schuler und Anhaenger,von F.Wustenfeld,vol.I-III,Gottingen 1890-1891.

W Z K M      :  Wiener Zeitschrift fur die Kunde des Morgenlandes. Review of Oriental Studies in Vienna.   

                                  Y
                                   
al-Yafi`i,Mir.al-g.  :  al-Yafi`i,Mir'at al-Janan.

Yaqut,GW.    :  Yaqut,K. Mu`jam al-Buldan (Geographisches
 Worterbuch),edited by Ferdinand Wustenfeld,vol.I-VI,Leipzig 1866-
1870.

Yeni      :  Yeni cami kutubhanesinde mahfuz kutub-i mavcudenin defteridir.Istanbul,no date.
Yu.       :  Yusuf.



                                Z

Z A       :  Zeitschrift fur Assyrologie.

Z A T W   :  Zeitschrift fur Alttestamentliche Wissenschaft.

Z D G M       :  Zeitschrift der deutschen morgenlabdischen Gesellschaft.Review of german oriental Association.

Zeitschrift   :  Review,magazine.  

Z. f.         :  vergl.Rechtswiss.: Zeitschrift fur vergleichende Rechtswissenschaft. Review of Comperative legal studies.

Z S           :  Zeitschrift fur Semitik.

zit.          :  zitiert (records,mentions).

z. T.         :  zum Teil (partly, a part). 



                               II

      The List of the Abbreviations not Solved by The Author

Abh.f.d.K.d.M. (G I/168).

Abh.f.d.K.d.Morg. (G I/last paragraph.It may be the same as above).

Abh. GGW 1876 (G I,141/2).

Abh.G.G.W. (G I,65/ld).It may be the same as above.

Abulf.Ann. (G I,82/20).

Abulfida',Ann.Mosl. (G I,81/18).It may be the same as the previous item.It may be  Abulfida's "Tarikh".Also see GAS,I/679).

A. Fischer,GGA (G I,27/8).

Ag.X1 31,5 v.u. (G I,109/20 b); miniscul 1 may denote the first edition of al-Aghani by Abu 'l-Faraj.the numbnet 5 may signify the lines, "v.u. (von unten)" (=from the bottom) may mean the bottom of the page.

Ambr.AF (G I,63/12).

apa (G I,165/12).

Bdl.o. O (S I/13).

Ball.de Corn.Afr. (G I/156).

de Sacy,Mag.enc. 1814 (G I,94/3).

Faiz (S I,288/3).

Feiziye (S I/54).

Garr. (G I,85/4).It may be the Garret Collection in Princeton.

Hamb.or Sem. (It may be Hamburger orientalische Seminar).

Hiz. (S I/43-44).It may be Khizanat al-Adab.

Huff. (G I,165/9).It must either be Tazkirat al-Huffaz or Tabaqat al-Huffaz.

Lagarde,symmicta (G I,89/2).

Loth (S I/8). It may be India Office.

Lugd (S I/8).It may be de Jong.

Lund (G I,154/9).

LZBI (S I,16/note 2).

Maqq. (G I,177/5).

MFOB (S I/5).It may be Mitteilungen fur orientaliche Seminar zu Berlin.

MSOS (G I,64/9).It may be some thing like "Mitteilungen des Seminars fur orientalische Sprachen".

MFOV (Same place as above).

OJ. (G I,126/11).

Pal. (G I,130/5).

Palat. (G I,89/2;S I/7).Perhaps it signifies " fir (Flor.) laur."
Pal.Med. (G I,125/10).

Ps. (S I/71).

SA (G I,41/2).It may be  Societe Asiatique.

Samlung GI (S I,9/Munch.G.).

Scheidii cat. (G I,90/4).

Starsburg,Spitta (G I,89/2).It may be collections of mss.under this name.

u (S I/27,43).It may be "unten (at the bottom)" or "und so weiter (and so on)".

`Um.Ya.Ef. (S I/288).

Verf.Arch.f.Rel. (G I,footnote 2).

Wellhausen,GGA 1896 (G I,39/2).

ZKM (G I,96/5d).

Z.V.Togan,KCs A (G I,143/5d).



                                III

          A List of The Abreviations Which Are Not Uniformed

a   sometimes  a.

a a O sometimes a.a.O. (S I/65).

Ahl. sometimes Ahlw  (G I,176/1).

b.Hal. W. (S I/234).

B.Qot. sometimes b. Taghribirdi and sometimes Tagr. K. (G I,75/5; S I,208/5,277/17).

Bulaq sometimes gedr.Bulaq (G I,93/2).

Cod.Goth. (G I,80/15).

Cod. Landberg (G I,81/17).

de Jong (G I,111/25).
eb. ( at the same place,but the volume is not included).See S I,169/ notes 2 and 3.

E.J.W.Gibb sometimes EJ.W.Gibb (S I,58-59).

Flugel sometimes Flugel gr. (G I,93,99).

Leid sometimes just Leyd ( It is mentioned as Leyd in the sources of

G in the pages at the beginning).

Lpzg sometimes as Leipz. (S I/85).

s sometimes as S (S I,156? notes 1 and 2).

Suleim (S I/10),sometimes as Sulaim (S I/68).